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عباقرة لهم أصول في منطقة القرن الإفريقي (32) الإمام فخر الدين بن عثمان بن على الزيلعي(1)

هو الشيخ العلامة الفقيه فخر الدين أبو عمر عثمان بن عليّ بن محجب البارعى الزيلعى الحنفي  .

ولد في منطقة زيلع ببلاد الصومال، التى كان يطلقها الجغرافيون أحيانا على أقاليم الطراز الإسلاميّ، أو ايفات التى كانت كبيرة نسبة لبقية الدول والسلطنات الإسلامية الأخرى ، حيث كان طول أرضها براً وبحراً نحو شهرين وعرضها أكثر من شهرين إلا أنّ غالبها قفار غير مسكونة، حيث كانت زيلع تنضم أحيانا مع إيفات وتكونان إقليماً كبيراً واحداً.

ولايعرف تاريخ ولادة  فخر الدين أبي عمر الزيلعى، حيث لم تنقل إلينا كتب التراجم المتوفرة لدينا سواء من كتب طبقات الحنفية، أو معاجم تراجم المؤلفين شيئا عنه ، ولكننا نعرف أنه تربى ونشأ في منطقته الأصلية في زيلع ونواحيها حيث ترعرع فيها وتلقى العلوم في مراكزها ومساجدها التى كانت عامرة بالعلم والعلماء  ، ولاسيما إذا عرفنا أن زيلع كانت تنعم بشيئ من الازدهار والانتعاش العلمي والثقافي، وكان في عصر الزيلعي والذى قبله ، تفد إلى بلاد الزيلع نخبة من أهل العلم لأسباب مختلفة  وخاصة من أهل اليمن والحجاز لقربها ولسهولة الوصول إليها ، بل إن زيلع كانت فترة طويلة جزءا من القطر اليمنيّ ، فلذلك لايستغرب أن تفد إليها كوكبة من أهل العلم لأغراض نشر العلم أو طلبه به.

ومن هؤلاء العلماء الإجلاء الذين وصلوا اليها ،  الفقيه اليمنيّ العلاّمة أبو عبد الرحمن الحسن بن خلف الحسين المقيبعيّ ، وكان فقيهاً بارعاً كاملاً أصولياً فرعياً محدثاً ولشهرته في ذلك ، قصده القاصدون والتفوا حوله أو طلبوا منه العلم بفروعه المختلفة التي كان متمكناً منها . ولاشكّ أن أهل زيلع لايتركون مثل هذا العلامة الموسوعي  ، بل يستفيدون منه حتى يترك لهم أثراً علمياً . كما أنّ المقيبعيّ نفسه لايقف مكتوف الأيدى دون أن يقوم بنشر العلم وإيصاله إلى طالبيه، لأنه عند ما كان في منطقة عدن كان معروفاً بنشر العلم ، يقوم بالدعوة حتى التف حوله أناس كثيرون ،  ونتيجة هذه الجهود أنّه خرّج جماعة من العلماء الذين قاموا بدورهم في نشر العلم وإرساء قواعده في وسط طلاب العلم  بالمساجد والزاويات وأورقة العلم في اليمن. ومن هنا مكث المقيبعيّ في منطقة الزيلع فترة من الزمنكما ذكره المؤرخون  كما أنه  ربما قام بتدريس بعض العلوم الشرعية فترة وجوده في زيلع ،  ومن خلال ذلك  قد أثر على حياتها العلمية، وترك لها آثارا طيبة .

وهذا مثال واحد إلاّ  أنّ رحلات أهل العلم من خارج الصومال لم تنقطع عبر العصور ولاسيما الرحلات العلمية إلى منطقة زيلعكما أسلفنا في الفصل الثالث من هذا البحث  حيث كان يفد إلينا كثيرمن أهل العلم والدّين ،  مثل العلاّمة الفقيه أبي بكر عبد الله العيدروس باعلى وكان له علاقة طيبة مع المجتمع في زيلع حتى في الطبقة الحاكمة  .

ومن الزوار الذين زارو  منطقة زيلع أيضاً ، العلاّمة الفقيه المصرى محمد بن محمد بن عبد الرحمن بن حسن بن جلال الدين بن فتح الدين بن وجيه المصرى المالكيّ المعروف بابن سويد بأحمد أباده ورحل هذا الشيخ إلى بلدان عدة لأجل طلب العلم ، حيث نشره حتى التقى علماء كثر أخذوا منه علوماً متنوعةًً في مصر والحجاز والهند، وزار بلاد الصومال وخاصة منطقة زيلع حيث درّس فيها وحدّث قبل أن يتوجه إلى بلاد الهند. وهذا كله دليل واضح بأن منطقة زيلع كانت تنعم بالازدهار الحضاريّ والانتعاش الثقافي سواء في عصر الفقيه فخر الدين زيلعي أو الذى قبله أو بعده حيث كانت زيلع جزءا  لا يتجزأ أبداً عن مناطق الحضارات في الحجاز واليمن والهند ومصر . ومن هنا فلا يستغرب أبا عمر الزيلعى أن يكون نابغا ومتفوقا في العلوم الشرعية وغيرها، وأن يصفه به العلماء والمؤرخون بأنه (فقيه نحويّ فرضى)  ، وغير ذلك من الألقاب العلمية .  وفور وصوله إلى القاهرة سنة 705هـ اشتغل بالتدريس وإلقاء الدروس، بل واشتهر بنبوغه وتفوقه في ميادين الفقه وأصوله  ،  مما يدلّ على أنه تلقى علوماً كثيرة في بلدته زيلع حتى استوى ساعده ، وذلك قبل أن يصل إلى القاهرة التى استقرّ بها . وفي الفترة التى وصل فيها  الزيلعيّ إلى الديار المصرية وخاصة القاهرة ، كانت مصر في أزهى العصور وأرقى المستوات العلمية حيث كانت مصر تعيش انتعاشاً حضارياً وثقافياً في مختلف المجالات العلمية والثفافية من خلال مراكزها العلمية ومساجدها العامرة ، وأزهرها الشريف ،  إضافة إلى زوايا وأروقة علمية ثقافية أخرى ملأت  المدن والأمصار المصرية. وهذا الازدهار العلمي والرقي الحضاري هو العامل الأول الذي جعل  طلبة العلم يقصدون  مصر لينهلوا من منهلها العذب ولاسيما في فترة الزيلعيّ في القرن الثامن الهجري الخامس عشر الميلادي ، وقد ساعد على ذلك دولة المماليك التي كانت تشجع نشر العلم واستقطاب أهله ، بل وأولت العلماء رعاية كريمة خاصة بهم ، سواء في النواحي الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والثقافية  .

والحق أن الزيلعيّ فخر الدين كان من هؤلاء الذين يهتمون بالعلم ومراكزه ، إذ إن قلبه كان دائماً متعلقاً بالعلم وأهله، ولاسيما أن مصر كانت تضمّ  أرقى مراكز العلم وأفضل سبل  العلم والعلماء .

ولا شك أن المصادر التى ترجمت لعلماء مصر في القاهرة في الفترة التى عاش فيها فخر الدين الزيلعي في مصر تبين مدى ما وصلت إليه مصر من ثقافة عالية وحضارة راقية.

ورغم وجود هذا العدد الكبير من العلماءالذين اكتظت بهم المراكز العلمية في مصر وحلقاتها العلمية، إلا أن فخر الدين الزيلعي لمع نجمه في سماء العلم والمعرفة بمصر ، وبرز في محافل وأروقة العلم حتى تتلمذ عليه نخبة من العلماء ، ومما يدلّ على سعة علمه ورجاحة عقله كما يدلّ ذلك على أن موطنه الأصليوهي زيلع  كانت أيضاً تنعم بحالة علمية عالية حتى أخرجت مثل هذا العلم الشامخ فخر الدين الزيلعي.

والحقيقة أن جلوس فخر الدين الزيلعي على كرسي العلم ، والقيام  بالتدريس وإلقاء الدروس في تلك البيئة العلمية العالية التى كانت تضم لفيفاً من المحدثين والفقهاء والأدباء لم يأتي من فراغ

ومما يؤكد تفوق علمه وسعت اطلاعه أن كل من ترجم له أشاروا إلى قدرته في النواحي اللغوية والفقهية، حيث كان فقيهاً فرضياً نحوياً ، ولعلّ أغلب هذه العلوم قد حازها عند ماكان في بلده زيلع التى كانت عامرة بالعلم والعلماء سواء علمائها الأصليين في منطقة القرن الإفريقي أو اؤلئك الذين وفدوا إليها لأغراض مختلفة ، كما أنه ربما استزاد علماً في اليمن عند مروره بها ، وفي طريقه إلى مصر ، وإن لم تشر المصادر إلى ما يفيد ذلك، ولكن القطرين اليمني الصومالي ، كانا مرتبطين من النواحي الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والثقافية والسياسية، بل كانت زيلع جزءاً من اليمن في بعض الفترات ، كما أشرنا إلى ذلك سابقاً في أكثر من مكان.

ونحن لا نستغرب  ذلك لأن الفقه الشافعي رغم أنه كان يسيطر على بلاد الصومال ، و أهله يتمذهبون به إلاّ أنّ منطقة زيلع اشتهرت بمذهب آخر ، وهو المذهب الحنفي، نسبة إلى الإمام نعمان بن بشير الكوفي الحنفيّ  .

وقد ناقشنا أن المذهب الحنفي الذي يتمسك به بعض أهل العلم في زيلع كفخر الدين أبى عمر بن عثمان الزيلعي ، وجمال الدين أبى محمد عبد الله بن يوسف الزيلعي صاحب كتاب: (نصب الراية في تخريج أحاديث الهداية) – قد وفد إلي زيلع من جهة اليمن وخاصة بلدة السلامة المشهورة بهذا المذهب ، والبلدة أصبحت مستوطنة زيلعية، بعد أن توجه إليها كثير من طلبة العلمّ لسهولة الوصول إليها ولقربها واستقروا هناك حتى خصصت لهم مسجداً خاصاً لهم أطلق عليه مسجد فقهاء بنى الزلعي ، وذلك لكثرة وجودهم فيه.

وكانت بلدة السلامة المنفذ الذي جاء منه المذهب الحنفي إلى منطقة زيلع .

ومهما كان فإن الزيلعي فخر الدين أبا عمر ترعرع ونشأ في زيلع التى نسب إليها كغيره من العلماء الأعلام ، ثم توجه إلى الديار المصرية ، وخاصة مدينة القاهرة ، حيث وصل إليها سنة 705هـ .

وعلى الرغم من أن المصادر لاتفيدنا عن جهوده العلمية في منطقة زيلع قبل رحلته منها إلى مصر، من حيث الإنتاج وإلقاء الدروس، إلاّ أنّه ربما قام بالتدريس ونشر العلم في منطقة زيلع وغيرها، لأن من بين طلابه النابغين أبا محمد جمال الدين عبد الله بن يوسف الزيلعي المحدّث الأصولي، رغم أنّ المصادر لم توضح أيضاً مكان تدريسه له، وأخذ العلم عنه، وإن كانا اجتمعا وتعاصرا في الزيلع والقاهرة معاً ، لأن كلا الرجلين وفدا إلى مصر قادمين من موطنيهما الأصلي زيلع .

د/ محمد حسين معلم علي

من مواليد مدينة مقديشو عام 1964، أكمل تعليمه في الصومال، ثم رحل إلي المملكة العربية السعودية ليواصل رحلته العلمية حيث التحق بجامعة أم القرى قسم التاريخ الإسلامي حيث تخرج في عام 1991م، ونال الماجستير بنفس الجامعة في عام 1998م ،كما واصل دراسته في كل من السودان والنرويج، حيث نال درجة الدكتوراة بجامعة النيلين عام 2006م، أما في مملكة النرويج فقد تخصص بالدراسات التربوية وكذا الثقافات واللغات المتعددة في جامعة همر بالنرويج. وعمل أستاد التاريخ والحضارة الإسلامية في الجامعة الإسلامية في مقديشو - الصومال، وهو عضو في عدد من المنظمات المحلية والإقليمية والدولية، أصدر "ديوان الشاعر بعدلي" عام 2002م ، و"الثقافة العربية وروّادها في الصومال" عام 2010م، وله عدة بحوث أخرى، يقيم الآن بالنرويج .

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