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قراءة حول الأوضاع التعليمية والإقتصادية والاجتماعية للصومال.

خريطة الصومال  

يعتبر الصومال إحدى أفقر دول العالم وأكثرها تخلفا في المجالات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، وكغيرها من دول العالم الثالث حيث أن حوالي 70% من سكان الصومال هم من الفئة العمرية الشبابية (أي دون 25 سنة) لأن نسبة المواليد مرتفعة وأن متوسط العمر بالنسبة للفرد الصومالي هو 47 سنة حسب تقديرات البرنامج الإنمائي للأمم المتحدة . ومن هنا فإن هذه الأعداد المتزايدة من الشباب لا تجد مؤسسات حكومية ولا منظمات مدنية فاعلة تقوم برعايتها، وتقدم لهم فرص التعليم التي تمثل في عالم اليوم الركيزة الأساسية للسلم الاجتماعي والازدهار الاقتصادي والتقدم العلمي

      وبانهيار الحكومة الصومالية المركزية ومؤسساتها المختلفة بما فيها  المؤسسات التعليمية  من مدارس ومعاهد وجامعات عام 1991م ودخول البلاد على إثرها في أتون حرب أهلية مدمرة  أدت إلى تشريد الملايين من المواطنين الصوماليين، وتدمير البنية التحتية لهياكل الدولة واقتصاد البلاد، الأمر الذي جعل الفئة العمرية  في سن التعليم في الصومال لقمة سائغة في أيدي بارونات الحرب والعصابات الإجرامية وقراصنة البحار  بهدف البحث عن اللقمة و بسبب عدم وجود البديل الجاهز .

و أدت هذه الأوضاع المأساوية في الصومال إلى تدخلات إقليمية ودولية صبت الزيت على النار، مما أدى  إلى تفاقم الأزمة الصومالية التي استعصت على الحل، حيث فشلت كل الجهود ومؤتمرات المصالحة في  تشكليل حكومة صومالية فاعلة تتعامل مع نتائج الحرب الأهلية و تقوم بواجبها تجاه هؤلاء الملايين من  الشباب الصومالي الذين انقطعت بهم السبل في الحصول علي فرص التعليم بمراحله المختلفة وكسب المهارات،  وفقدان المؤسسات المؤهلة لضحايا الكوارث الطبيعية المتكررة  وآثار الجفاف القائم في البلاد

    ولمواجهة هذه المشكلة التعليمية تضافرت جهود كل من العاملين في حقل التعليم في الصومال ومنظمات المجتمع المدني والقيادات الاجتماعية  المعتبرة  في البلد بالتعاون مع منظمات عربية ودولية مهتمة لتأسيس تعليم أهلي يشمل مختلف المراحل الأساسية والثانوية والجامعية القادرة بتكيف الوضع المتقلب ونجحت هذه الجهود   في نهاية المطاف في توفير فرص التعليم  لـ18% من الفئة العمرية   في سن التعليم في الصومال، وأصبحت المراكز والمعاهد الفنية مؤجلا الى حين الوصول الى الإستقرار وتوافر البيئة المشجعة

    ويتفق الخبراء والمتخصصون  في  التنمية البشرية على أن أزمة الصومال ما هي  بالأساس  إلا مشكلة تعليمية ناتجة عن شح الطبقة المتعلمة و فقدان المهارات التد ريبية والحرف اليدوية والمهنية المؤهلة كلها بإيجاد أفق للحل و فرص للعمل والعيش بحياة أفضل تجرالشباب في الإنخراط بالأنشطة الإجرامية المتمثلة في تعاطي المخدرات وممارسة الأعمال غير الشرعية ، وبدون إيجاد حل جذري لهذه الأزمة لا يمكن إيجاد حل لظواهر القرصنة والمليشيات المسلحة والعصابات الإجرامية  التي هي تعبير واضح  عن الانتحار واليأس عن إيجاد بديل  الضامن للاستقرار ومصدر العيش الكريم المتمثل بتوافر المهارات والحرف المختلفة   لمساعدة الفرد على امتلاك زمام نفسه بدلا من وقوعه  تحت تأثير الأفكار الآسرة  ناهيك عن المآسي الإنسانية التي تتمثل في قوارب الموت واللاجئين  في كل أصقاع العالم والنازحين من وإلى العاصمة  والمحافظات الأكثر هدوءا واستقرارا بحثا عن الاستقرار الوظيفي .

 ثانيا:الوضع الاقتصادي العام

إن دعائم الاقتصاد في الصومال تتمثل في الثروة الحيوانية والزراعية وصيد الأسماك، بالإضافة إلى التجارة والخدمات، بيد أن الثروة الحيوانية والزراعية تعتمد أساسا على هطول الأمطار، فإذا ضنت السماء بمائها، وأجدبت الأرض وعم القحط والجفاف، فإن حوالي 70% من الشعب الصومالي الذين تعتمد حياتهم على رعي الماشية وزراعة الأرض يفقدون مقومات حياتهم ويصبحون ضحايا المجاعة بعد نفوق ماشيتهم وانعدام المحاصيل الزراعية.

أما صيد الأسماك فشبه معطل نتيجة الصيد المفرط والجائر من قبل شركات الصيد الأجنبية التي تنتهك حرمة المياه الإقليمية للصومال لأنها مستباحة بلا راع يحميها بالإضافة إلى قراصنة البحر الصومالية الذين تسببوا في تواجد أعداد كبيرة من الأساطيل البحرية العالمية في المياه الإقليمية الصومالية تحت ذريعة حماية الملاحة الدولية والممرات المائية العالمية من سطو القراصنة الصوماليين، مما جعل حقول صيد الأسماك في المياه الصومالية موبوءة وغير صالحة للصيد من قبل صيادين يستخدمون وسائل بدائية، والجدير بالملاحظة أن وطأة الكارثة وحجم المأساة تشتد كلما اتجهنا جنوبا.

أما اقتصاديات المدن الكبيرة والمناطق الحضرية بصورة عامة فإنها تعتمد على قطاعي التجارة والخدمات، فعلى الرغم من تضررها من تقلص دورة الثروة الحيوانية والزراعية فإنها لا تزال تمثل المورد الأكبر والمصدر المحوري لكثير من قطاعات الشعب الصومالي، فالشعب الصومالي شعب نشط وميّال إلى التجارة، فوسط العواصف الهوجاء، والأعاصير العاتية التي تعصف بالتجارة العالمية والإقليمية والمحلية، فإن التجارة في الصومال لا تزال تشق طريقها مستغلة كل الفرص المتاحة.

من المصادر المهمة في اقتصاديات الصومال عائدات المغتربين الصوماليين الذين يرسلون إلى ذويهم في الداخل ما يواجهون به الحياة، وهذا المصدر ينتشل اقتصاد البلد من الأنقاض.

الجدير بالذكر أن من مصادر العيش لكثيرين من الصوماليين في معسكرات النازحين هي الإغاثة، والمساعدات الإنسانية المقدمة من قبل منظمات الإغاثة الإقليمية والدولية

 ثالثا:الوضع الإجتماعي العام

      يعاني الشعب الصومالي في الوقت الحالي العديد من المشكلات الاجتماعية من أهمها:-

أ‌-    وجود أعداد هائلة من الأيتام والأرامل

وذلك نتيجة سقوط الرجال الأزواج أو الآباء  في التناحرات التي طال أمدها، الأمر الذي أفضى إلى مآسي إنسانية من جهة، وإلى وجود أعداد هائلة من الأطفال والشباب الذين يفقدون أبسط وسائل العيش الكريم ولا يجدون فرصة التعليم والتربية المناسبتين، فيصبح من قدر له أن يعيش إلى سن البلوغ فريسة سهلة في أيدي زعماء الحرب، أو قراصنة البحر، أو العصابات الإجرامية المنظمة

وبعض هولاء الأطفال تجاوزوا سن البلوغ وهم في حاجة ملحة بمنحهم فرص إكتساب المهارات وتعلمهم الحرف والمهن اليدوية وتزويدهم بأساليب وأدوات الاحتراف الضرورية والمؤهلة  خروجهم من حالة البؤس  واعتماد الغير إلى حياة  أفضل تفضي لهم شعورهم بوجود مساعد لتعليم  الصيد بدلا من إعطاء السمك .

ب‌- انسداد الأفق أمام الفئة الشبابية

إن غياب كيان دولة فعالة في الصومال أكثر من عقدين من الزمان أدى إلى تقليص فرص التعليم والعمل أمام الشباب، مما يشكّل تهديداً حقيقياً لبنية المجتمع الصومالي، حيث ينطبق عليهم المثل الصومالي” المذبوح لا يتحاشى عن مخاطر” فهم يركبون كل موج علّهم يجدون حياة أفضل أو مستقبلا أشرق، فتراهم ينضمون إلى قراصنة البحار، أو المليشيات المسلحة، أو يواجهون مخاطر جمة  ليصلوا إلى أروربا وأمريكا وغيرها من أصقاع العالم النافض

  ج- آفـة القـات

إن شجرة القات المخدرة التي دأب الرجال والشباب في الصومال من تعاطيها تعتبر واحدة من أخطر الأسباب المفضية إلى مشكلات اجتماعية مختلفة في الصومال، إذ أنه للحصول على حزمة من القات فإن المتعاطي مستعد لبيع جميع ممتلكاته، وارتكاب أي عمل إجرامي، إلى جانب ذلك فإن تعاطي هذا المخدر يعد أحد أهم الأسباب المؤدية إلى هدم الأسر وتفكيك أوصالها.

   د- النزوح والتشرد:

نتيجة لاستمرار الحرب الأهلية وتجدد الكوارث الطبيعية  وسيادة الجفاف في الصومال فإن الملايين من الصوماليين نزحوا في داخل البلد وتحديدا العاصمة أو هاجروا إلى جميع أصقاع العالم، وخاصة إلى الدول المجاورة، ولا سيما مخيمات اللاجئين الصوماليين في شمال شرق كينيا التي  أصبحت  مع الزمن أكبر مخيمات اللاجئين في عالم اليوم. وتعاني  الأسر النازحة  التي تعيش في المخيمات تحطم خصوصيات الأسر والعائلات التي تعيش في خيام أو أكواخ لا تستر عورتهم، ويشاركون في دورات مياه جماعية متهالكة، ويعانون من جميع ويلات الحياة والبؤس والشقاء.

   هـ- الوضع الإنساني المأساوي في البلد:

توالت على الصومال الأزمات والكوارث الطبيعية منها والبشرية، مما أسفر عن واقع إنساني مرير حال دون ممارسة الإنسان الصومالي  نشاطه اليومي بشكل طبيعي، حيث ألجأته الظروف القاسية والأوضاع المأساوية إما إلى الهجرة أو اللجوء إلى دول الجوار والعيش في مخيمات اللاجئين البائسة، أو إلى النزوح في داخل البلاد والعيش في معسكرات النازحين التي تفتقد أبسط مقوّمات الحياة.

ولا تقتصر وطأة الأزمة الإنسانية في البلد على أولئك النازحين فحسب، بل تشمل قطاعات واسعة من المواطنين وفي مناطق جغرافية مختلفة من البلاد، إذ تشير تقديرات مكتب تنسيق الشؤون الإنسانية للأمم المتحدة UN OCHA إلى أن أكثر من 3.5 مليون شخص بحاجة إلى مساعدات إنسانية في الصومال.

   ز- القطاعات الأكثر تضرراً:

قطاع التعليم: حيث تقدّر منظمة اليونسيف بأن 20 % فقط من النشأة الصومالية يحصلون على فرص التعليم.

قطاع الصحة: تشير مؤشرات التنمية لبرنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي UNDP إلى أن الصومال يقع في أدنى قائمة دول العالم من حيث الرعاية الصحية.

 قطاع المياه والاصحاح؛ هناك شحّ كبير في الموارد المائية في جميع أنحاء الصومال وخاصة المياه الصالحة للشرب.

قطاع المرأة والطفل؛ هناك عدد كبير من الأرامل والثكالى والأيتام والمعاقين الذين بعد أن فقدوا عائلهم أصبحوا عرضة للتشرد والضياع.

قطاع فئة الشباب؛ نظراً لانسداد الأفق أمام الغالبية العظمى من الفئات الشابة فإنهم يشكّلون خطراً داهماً على أنفسهم وعلى البلد ، حيث أضحوا وقوداً للحرب وضحايا قوارب الموت وعصابات القرصنة والإجرام .

د/عبدالوهاب على مؤمن

باحث متخصص في علم الاجتماع info@Mogadishucenter.com

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