نتناول في هذه السطور قراءة للمقدمة عامة عن نظرية القرابة من كتاب البنائية عند ” ليفي – ستروس ” من تأليف الدكتورة فادية فؤاد حميدو محمد من قسم الانثروبولوجيا في جامعة الاسكندرية بجمهورية مصر العربية والذي تمت طباعته من طرف دار المعرفة الجامعية في عام 2006 ، وتناولت الكاتبة في هذا العمل خمسة فصول موزعة على 197 صفحة ، فكان الفصل الاول عبارة عن مقدمة عامة عن نظرية القرابة وفي الفصل الثاني تم التطرق الى اسهامات ومنهج كلود ليفي ستروس ، اما في الفصل الثالث فكان عبارة عن دراسة تحليلية لكتاب الأبنية الاولية للقرابة اما بالنسبة للفصل الرابع فقامت فيه الكاتبة بدراسة تطبيقية على نظرية ” ليفي – ستروس ” ، وفي الفصل الخامس و الأخير فعرضت فيه تقييم عام وخاتمة ، وكما أشرنا سابقا أن الفصل الاول من هذا الكتاب هو الذي تم اختياره للدراسة و التمعن فيه لما يمثله من أهمية كبيرة في هذا الكتاب . .
هذا الفصل هو عبارة عن مناقشة للعديد من الفروض أو محاولة للإجابة عن تساؤلات التي يمكن أن تدور في ذهن الباحث الانثروبولوجي حول موضوع القرابة من جهة ، و البنائية من جهة أخرى ومن بين هذه التساؤلات أو المشاكل المطروحة هي عن الأصول الأولى التي تعود إليها نظرية القرابة ومفهوم البناء و البنائية وهل هي مذهب أم منهج ، وتعود الاهتمامات الاولى لها الى علماء الانثروبولوجيا وذلك منذ القرن التاسع عشر وأصبحت من أهم الجوانب التي تميز الدراسات الانثروبولوجين في البحوث الاجتماعية والتي كانت تركز على دراسة المجتمعات التقليدية البسيطة دراسة شاملة والتي درسها علماء الانثروبولوجين من جانب أن الانساق الاجتماعية التي يتألف من البناء الاجتماعي لتلك المجتمعات بما فيها نسق القرابة و انطلاقا منها أكد بعض العلماء المعاصرين على أن القرابة هي ظاهرة بنائية ارتبطت بمجال الانثروبولوجيا ، حيث أكد “نيدهام” على اهمية موضوع القرابة في مجال الانثروبولوجيا حيث يقول (ان القرابة بالنسبة للأنثروبولوجيا هي كالمنطق بالنسبة للفلسفة )كما يرى الكثير من العلماء ان أحسن وسيلة للتحليل ودراسة البناء الاجتماعي للمجتمع البدائي هي الانطلاق بتحليل ظاهرة نظام القرابة اي ان نظام القرابة عبارة عن نقطة انطلاق للفهم وتحليل البناء الاجتماعي بالنسبة للمجتمعات التقليدية ومن المؤكد والمتعارف عليه ان علماء الانثروبولوجيا في القرن التاسع عشر قد اتجهوا في دراستهم للأنساق القرابية اتجاها تطوريا في البداية وذاك تماشيا مع التيار الفكري الذي ساد في ذلك العصر ومن امثال علماء الانثروبولوجيا المشهورين “لويس مورجان ” و ” سير هنري مين” و ” باخوفن” وغيرهم ، ثم بعد ذلك تغيرت تلك الدراسات القرابية تغيرا جذريا تمثلت في علماء الانثروبولوجيا المحدثين والذين حاولوا تطبيق المنهج الوظيفي البنائي ومن أبرزهم ” راد كليف -براون ” الذي يعتبر من اهم العلماء الذين حاولوا تطبيق هذا المنهج.
لذلك يعتبر صاحب الفضل في توجيه الدراسات القرابية وجهة منهجية تحليلية منظمة ترتكز على التحليل والمقارنة ثم بعد ذلك انتقل الاتجاه البنائي الوظيفي الى علماء الانثروبولوجيا في فرنسا وهو ” كلود ليفي ستروس ” والذي ارتقى بالدراسات البنائية بحيث ارتبط اسمه بكلمة البنائية وجعل من الاتجاه البنائي منهجا فكريا يطبق على دراسة المجتمع و الفن و النظم و اللغة وكان جد متأثر في ذلك بالعلماء اللغويين البنائيين وعلى الرغم من كثرة كتب حول موضوع القرابة في القرن التاسع عشر إلا ان ميدان دراسة القرابة لا يزال يفتقر بشكل واضح الى نظرية عامة يمكن بها تحليل وفهم وتفسير انساق القرابة المختلفة ويرجع ذلك الى ان موضوع القرابة يعتبر من اصعب واشق الموضوعات التي يقوم بدراستها الباحث الانثروبولوجي على الاطلاق ومع ظهور التحليل البنائي عند “ليفي ستروس “وتطبيقه على كل فروع الدراسات الاجتماعية ومنها دراسة القرابة فقد استطاع “ليفي ستروس ” ان يحدث تغيرات اساسية في التفكير الانثروبولوجي وهذا لم ينطبق على فرنسا فقط بل شمل العالم الخارجي كذلك وأمكنه ذلك من صياغة نظرية جديدة في القرابة وتأثر بها الكثير من العلماء المعاصرين وخصص للنسق القرابي كتابا من اهم كتبه الأبنية الاولية للقرابة وقد عرف القرابة على انها عبارة عن انتماء شخصية او اكثر الى جد واحد او اعتقادهم ان لهم جدا واحدا وقد تكون القرابة حقيقية وقد تكون متخيلة او قانونية وتقوم الاولى على صلات الام في الغالب وهي العنصر الاساسي في القرابة مثل (قرابة التيني) ،كما ان قواعد تحديد القرابة تختلف من مجتمع لأخر اختلافا واضحا فهناك مجتمعات تجعل من القرابة متصلة بالأب وحده وتسير في خط الذكور او ما يطلق عليه ( الخط الابوي ) وفي هذا النطاق تعتبر الام وأقاربها اباعد عن القبيلة او العشيرة او الاسرة وهناك مجتمعات ترى العكس تماما حيث القرابة فيها تسير نحو الخط الاموي او ما يسمى (الخط الاموي ) الى جانب هذا ثمة مجتمعات أخرى ترى ان القرابة تسير مع الخطين الاموي والأبوي اي ان الشخص يعتبر عضوا في عشيرة ابيه وفي عشيرة امه وأبناء الطرفين اقارب له وهذا ما اصطلح على تسميته بقرابة الجانبين او ان صح التعبير (القرابة الثنائية ) اضافة الى هذه المجتمعات يوجد مجتمعات تتبع القرابة فيها عدة خطوط فمثلا بعض عشائرها تسير وفق خط الام وفي بعضها الاخر تسير وفق خط الاب وفي النوع الثالث وفق المنطقين معا وتسمى هذه القرابة (قرابة كل الخطوط المتعددة ) كما ان نسق القرابة يقوم في اساسه على نوعين من العلاقات فالنوع الاول هو العلاقة التي تقوم على رابطة الدم وينشا عنها الاقارب المقربين والذي تربطهم روابط الام اما النوع الثاني فيمثل العلاقة او القرابة التي تنشا عن طريق المصاهرة او الزواج وللدراسة لنظرية القرابة دراسة موضوعية يقتضي التعرض لأهم اتجاهين اساسيين في نظرية القرابة وهما الاتجاه الكلاسيكي والاتجاه الحديث فالاتجاه الكلاسيكي لنظرية القرابة اتجه فيه العلماء اتجاها تطوريا استند في ذلك الوقت ولتأثرهم بكتابات ” تشارلس داروين ” وخاصة في كتابه ” اصل الانواع ” ويعتبر ” لويس مورجان ” من اهم رواد و أعلام المدرسة التطورية حيث كانت لأفكاره صدى و تأثير في كثير من العلماء الذين انتسبوا لتلك المدرسة لذلك سوف نركز بشكل كبير على اراء ” مورجان ” في القرابة لتوضيح اتجاهات التي مشت عليها النظرية التطورية في فهم القرابة وظهرت اعمال ” مورجان ” خلال عمله العظيم ومتمثل في كتابه ( انساق روابط الام والمعاصرة في العائلة الانسانية عام 1870) ، واستند في اقامة نظريته على المنهج المقارن والمنهج التطوري ، فعندما عرض موضوعات القرابة والزواج و الأسرة وجد ان كل نظام من هذه النظم يمر بمراحل متعددة وتعتبر المرحلة اللاحقة اكثر تطورا وتقدما من المرحلة السابقة حيث كان ينظر في هذا الصدد على ان النظم الاوروبية هي في قمة التطور والتقدم ، كما نجده انطلق من فكرة اساسية مفادها ان المجتمع البشري في البداية عبارة عن جماعة اجتماعية كبيرة تعيش في حالة بدائية لا تحكمها قواعد خلقية حيث يعيش الناس في حياة اباحية وفوضى جنسية اي ان الاباحية والجنسية هي من اولى الاشكال الزواج الذي ساد منذ فجر البشرية واتفق معه في ذلك كل من ” باخوفن و ماكلينان “ويرى ان هذه المرحلة قد ارتبطت بشكل معين من أشكال العائلة وهي العائلة الدموية التي تقوم على الزواج بين الاخوة و الأخوات ثم شهدت الانسانية مرحلة اكثر تقدما وهي مرحلة زواج الجماعة وفيه عرفت العلاقات الجنسية بين الرجال والنساء بعض القيود والتحريمات والذي ارتبط بالعائلة البونالوية التي تعتبر اكثر تقدما من العائلة الدموية ثم تطور زواج الجماعة الى شكلين من الزواج التعددي وهما :تعدد الازواج ‘المرأة الواحدة بأكثر من رجل ‘وتعدد الزوجات ‘زواج الرجل الواحد بأكثر من امرأة ‘ ويرى “مورجان” ان النوع الاول من الزواج التعددي ارتبط بالعائلة السنديازمية والنوع الثاني ارتبط بالعائلة الابوية الكبيرة وفي الاخير توصل ان الزواج الأحادي يسمى (المونوجامي ) والذي يتم فيه زاج الرجل الواحد بمرآة واحدة فقط والذي يعتبر حسبه اعلى وارقى شكل وصل اليه الزواج و الاسهام العظيم الذي سهم به “مورجان” في مجال نظرية القرابة لوجدناه يتمثل في التمييز بين انساق القرابة حيث ميز بين نوعين وهما :انساق القرابة التصنيفية وانساق القرابة الوصفية القرابة التصنيفية تهدف الى ضغط علاقات القرابة البعيدة في عدد قليل من درجات القرابة مع اهمال التفاصيل وتستخدم مصلحاتها المتعددة في تحديد الجيل والنسل كالعم والعمة ومصطلحات القرابة التصنيفية تعمل على تماسك الجماعة القرابية الكبيرة عن طريق التقريب بين أفرادها وتقريب درجة القرابة وهي تقوم على مبدأ وحدة جماعة الاخوة وهذا حسب ما لاحظ مورجان في رأي “رادكليف براون ” اما القرابة الوصفية فهي تهدف الى وصف جميع درجات القرابة خارج الاسرة مثال 🙁 يطلق على العم ‘اخ الاب ‘ كما يطق على الخال ‘اخ الام’ ) اما الاتجاه الحديث والمعاصر للدراسات القرابية فقد سارت فيه الدراسات القرابية ونعني به الاتجاه البنائي الوظيفي ويتضمن هذا الاتجاه مدرستين انسانيتين وهما المدرسة البريطانية بزعامة ” راد كليف براون “والمدرسة الفرنسية بقيادة “كلود ليفي ستروس ” ، نبدأ مع راد كليف براون الذي عرض نظريته في القرابة بداية منهجية فيعرف القرابة بأنها ثمة علاقات مباشرة تقوم بين شخصين نتيجة انحدار احدهما من الاخر فمثلا : انحدار الحفيد من الجد او انا كلاهما انحدر من جد واحد مشترك سواء خلال خط الذكور أو خط الإناث ونسق القرابة عنده عبارة عن شبكة من العلاقات الاجتماعية تلك التي تكون جزءا من الشبكة الكلية للعلاقات الثنائية التي تقوم بين شخص وأخر في الجماعة كما أن الوحدة البنائية التي تكون منها نسق القرابة هي الجماعة التي أطلق عليها اسم الأسرة الأولية أو الصغيرة التي هي ابسط صور القرابة وتتألف هذه الأسرة من زوج وزوجته وأولادهما غير المتزوجين وهي أساس الأول الذي تقوم عليه الجماعات الزواجية الأكثر تعقيدا وهناك ثلاث درجات لعلاقات القرابة داخل الأسرة الأولية منها علاقات القرابة من الدرجة الأولى وهي التي تنشا بين الآباء والأبناء من جهة والتي تنشا بين الأخوة الأشقاء من جهة ثانية وأخيرا التي تنشا بين الزوج والزوجة كآباء لأولادهم يطلق عليها ”شبكة العلاقات الجينالوجية ”أو “شجرة العائلة ” أما علاقات القرابة من الدرجة الثانية فهي تلك التي تعتمد على اتصال عائلتين أوليتين عن طريق العضو المشترك كالعلاقة بين الشخص وجده (أب الأب ) وعن الشخص وخاله (أخ الأم ) وأخيرا علاقة القرابة من الدرجة الثالثة التي تقوم بين الشخص وابنه اخ الام ( ابن الخال ) او بينه وبين زوج اخت الاب ( زوج العمة ) او بينه وبين ابن الاخ الاب ( ابن العم ) وبينه وبين زوجة اخ الام (زوجة الخال ) فهكذا تتدرج درجات القرابة التي يدخل فيها الفرد مع اقاربه من الدرجة الاولى والثانية والثالثة وعلى هذا الاساس تحدد درجات القرابة ، الى جانب هذه العلاقات تحدث “راد كليف براون” عن الاسرة الاولية كوحدة اساسية في نسق القرابة وهي خلية المجتمع بل هي نواة المجتمع وكذلك هي جماعة قرابية مرتبطة ارتباطا قويا عن طريق الدم والزواج وتعيش في منزل واحد معيشة مشتركة اما المدرسة الفرنسية بزعامة “كلود نيفي ستروس ” حيث عالج انساق القرابة في عديد المقالات ودراسته لكن يبقى اهم كتابه الأبنية الاولية للقرابة والتي يرى انها هي الأبنية الاساسية التي يقوم عليها نسق القرابة من حيث انها تحدد نطاق الاقارب عن طريق نطاق الأصهار ( الأنساب ) كما انها تقوم على الزواج بالأقارب وتعتبر العلاقات روابط القرابة ترد الى تحريم الزواج من المحارم نقطتين اساسيتين انطلق منها “ليفي ستروس ” في تحليل الابنية القرابية ، ووظيفة هذا التحريم تتمثل في ضمان استمرار تبادل النساء عن طريق الزواج واستمرار الدوائر التي يتم فيها التبادل من اجل الاستمرار الجماعي وبقائها ، حيث يعتبر هذا التبادل مبحث اساسي في نظرية ” ليفي ستروس ” وهو يعتبر مظهرا من مظاهر التضامن الاجتماعي من حيث انه يعمل في تقوية العلاقات بين الجماعات سواء كان هذا التبادل محددا او عاما .
وأخيـــــــــــرا هذا عبارة عن تمهيد للإطار العام لنظرية القرابة في المدرستين التطورية والبنائية الوظيفية التي نستخلص من خلال أفكارهم ان المدرسة التطورية بقيادة “مورجــــان ” ركزت على دراسة أصل الظاهرة او النظام اعتمادا على منهج التاريخي الظني بالإضافة الى المنهج المقارن وان لم يستخدم هذا الاخير بشكل الامثل، اما المدرسة البنائية بقيادة “راد كلــيف براون ” فتدرس اي نظام من حيث علاقته بالنظم الاخرى وتأثير كل نظام في الاخر وتفاعله معه والنهج المتبع فيها هو المنهج التحليلي.
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