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تحليل ظاهرة التعصب في المجتمع الصومالي

بعد انهيار الدولة عام 1991 م ظهرت في البلاد انحرافات سلوكية لم يألفها الشعب، في حين ازداد عمق مشاكل أجتماعية أخرى كانت مألفوفة، واخذت منعطفا خطيرا، نعاني لحد اليوم من آثار ارتدادها، وحمم بركانها. فمن بين تلك المشاكل، ظاهرة التعصب بمختلف أنواعها وأشكلها سواء كان ذلك، التعصب القبلي  أوالفكري أو الإقليمي (الفدرالي) أوالقومي…

 فالتعصب: هوالتشدد وأخذ الأمور بشدة وعدم المخالف به ولوجزءً بسيطا ، وهو من أهم الابتكارات الأربعة ما بين عام 1400 قبل الميلاد وعام 3000 قبل الميلاد، كما يرويه العالم هالدن. ومفهوم التعصب قريب من مصطلح التطرف الذي يعنى: التمسك بآراء معينة ورفض الأفكار الأخرى مع عدم القبول بمناقشة هذه الأفكار، وبالتالى قد يكون كل من التعصب أو التطرف سببًا مباشراً للصراعات الدموية أو تأجيجه.

تلعب ظاهرة التعصب بنوعيها ( القبلي أوالفكري…) دوراً بارزا في الوصول الي مرحلة الانحلال الاجتماعي والتفكك الوطني، لأنها هي المسبب الرئيسي في اندلاع الصراعات علي المصالح الخاصة، وتنامي مظاهر الكراهية والتناحر القبلي ، والكل يؤدي حتما في نهاية المطاف الي نشوب حرب لا تبقي ولا تذر بين طوائف البلد  .

فظاهرة التعصب القبلي بالنسبة للمجتمع الصومالي ظاهرة قديمة، ومرت بمراحل متعددة متشعبة الأطراف والجميع يعلم تفاصيلها وجذورها. أما ظاهرة التعصب الفكري التي بلغت لحد القتال، ظاهرة حديثة العهد، ولم تكن مألوفة لدى مجتمعنا الصومالي، الذي عاش منذ عشرات السنيين في وئام مذهبي وتوافق فكري، وان حدث خلاف مذهبي او فكري، لم يكن يبلغ الأمر الي ما وصل اليه في الآونة الأخيرة حيث صار التعصب الفكري مصدرا للتحريض على القتل وارتكاب جرائم بشعة تحت مبررات ومصوغات دينية لا تمت للاسلام الحنيف بصلة أو على الأقل اختلف العلماء ورجال العلم والمعرفة على صحتها والعمل بها.     

وبوجه عام، فان التعصب الفكري الديني عادة ما يبدأ بالتزام الشخص بالتعاليم الإسلامية ودعوة الأخرين للإلتزام بها، وهذا أمر لا يمكن الاختلاف على ضرورته، بل إنه أمر مطلوب، بيد أن  التعصب الفكري المرفوض الذي نحن بصدد الحديث عنه هو الارهاب الفكري الداعي الي العنف ضد أعضاء المجتمع الذي يراه الشخص المتعصب بأنه مجتمع كافر، ومن مظاهر هذا التعصب المرعب، هو عدم إحترام الشخص رأي الأخرين الذين لا ينتمون لتنظيمه أويعارضون أفكار وتصرفات الجماعة التي ينتمي اليها. وتبلغ ظاهرة التعصب ذروتها عند ما يستَحِلُ المتعصب دماء من هم خارج التنظيم أو الجماعة التي ينتسب اليها.

للأسف، نشم هذه الأيام رئحة التعصب البغيض التي تزكم الأنوف تنتشر بين مجتمعنا الذي تداعت له الأمم  كالنار الهشيم،  وتغلغل في جميع المجالات، حيث  بات الكل أو بالأحرى غالبية الناس، والفصائل السياسية تستخدم العنف ومنطق القوة لتحقيق مصالحها الخاصة- دون الالتفات الي النتائج الوخيمة التي تترتب عن ذلك- وان كان البعض استخدمها لنيل مكاسب ومصالح عامة – فهذا أمر مفهوم- كلجوء بعض الحركات الإسلامية في الصومال الي العنف لتغيير الأوضاع التي كانت في البلاد ابان الاحتلال الاثيوبي ما بين عامي 2006-2009  وكثير من تلك الحركات ألقت السلاح وجنحت للسلم بعد طرد المحتل وانسحاب القوات الإثيوبية من أراضي الصومالية بداية عام2009م.

ودخلت العصبية أيضا بين القبائل الصومالية التي تربطهم وشائج العقيدة والوطن والإنسانية وجميعهم ينتمون الي بيت وعائلة واحدة (بيت الصومال الكبير) حيث صارت النعرات القبلية والعصبية تغيب عقولهم وتبدي بينهم العداوة والبغضاء، فاتخذوا العنف منهجا وشعار وفوهة البنادق من دون الله أولياء لتحقيق أغراضهم ومصالحهم الخاصة والوصول الي السلطة. لماذا لا تقتفي تلك العشائر أثر نظرائهم في مناطق الشمال التي احتكم أهلها الي منطق العقل السليم، فاقاموا بإصلاح ذات البين ، واتفقوا على تشكيل ادارات محلية تحقق لهم الأمن والأمان. ولولا نبذ العنف و التخلي عن التعصب لكان الوضع في تلك المقاطعات مشابها لما تمر به المناطق الجنوبية والوسطي في البلاد حيث بات العنف والعنف المضاد سيد الموقف، والفيصل والحم في فض النزاعات سواء الأمر متعلقا بما يحدث بين الحكومة الفدرالية المدعومة من قبل القوات الإفريقة (أميسوم) وبين حركة الشباب المجاهدين، أو بين القبائل الصومالية كماحدث في اقليمي شبيلي السفلى والوسطي واقليم هيران في الأيام الماضية.

اسباب التعصب في المجتمع الصومالي

هناك أسباب عديدة أدت الي بروز أو زيادة ظاهرة التعصب القبلي أو الفكري في المجتمع الصومالي بعد انهيار الحكومة المركزية الصومالية ، ومن أهمها:

1- الفهم الخاطئ للدين الإسلامي نتيجة خلل في التربية والتقليد الأعمي لدي المتعصبين الذين يفتقرون الي مثل عليا وقيادة راشدة يقتدون بها وتتشكل سلوكلياتهم.

2- انتشار الأساليب القمعية التي يما رسها بعض افراد الشرطة أو المليشيات القبلية ضد المجتمع المسلم بوجه عام، وشباب الجماعات الدينية، بوجه خاص، واستهدافهم للأفراد الذين تظهرعليهم ملامح التدين.

3- غياب منطق الحوار، والاحتكام الي لغة العقل بين شباب الجماعات الدينية الغيورين لدينهم وبين الفقهاء والعلماء المعتدلين.

ونظرا لهذا الأسباب، لا بد من التعاون وتضافر الجهود، وفتح قنوات التواصل بين جميع اطياف الشعب للقضاء علي ظاهرة التعصب بكل أشكالها، لأن استمرار، وإنتشارهذه الظاهرة تصلنا في نهاية المطاف الي طريق مسدود، وتؤدي الي زيادة لهب الصراع بين المجتمع الصومالي وتشويه صورة الاسلام وخاصة اذاكان هذا التعصب في مواضع  لايجوز التشدد. وهذا لا يعني بالمرة، أننا نشجع التقصير والتساهل في أمورالدين وشعائر الاسلام، غير أننا ندعو الجميع الي الابتعاد عن التفريط أوالإفراط في مقاصد الدين انطلاقا من قول الله تعالي (وكذالك جعلناكم أمة وسطا لتكونو شهداء علي الناس ويكون الرسول عليكم شهيدا) وقوله تعالي (يآأهل الكتاب لا تغلوا في دينكم ولا تقولواعلي الله الا الحق)

عوامل اجتماعية مغذية للتعصب

الي جانب العصبية القبلية، هناك عوامل اجتماعية أخرى قد تشكل أساسا لمايحدث الأن في تلك المناطق من قتال وتخريب غير عقلاني، ويمثل العامل الأول طابع التشدد الموجود لدى تلك المجتمعات التي تمئل الي الابتاعد عن الموضوعية والإنسياق وراء المصالح الخاصة وهذا يمثل عائقا أمام الإندماج الوطني،  وتحقيق التوافق السياسي والتعايش السلمي.

أما العامل الثاني هو الطبيعة الرعوية لغالبية الصوماليين ما يدفعهم بالإنفراد الي التحرك الدائم وراء الكلأ والماء. وهذا هوسبب الصراع بين القبائل وحتى البطون احيانا علي المناطق الإستراتيجية والخصبة، والنمط من الصراع لاشك أنه يلعب دورا كبيرا في اضعاف روح الوطنية والشعور بالإنتماء الي الصومال كوطن للجميع، ويخلق سلوك الأنانية والاقصاء.

وهناك عامل ثالث سببه العنف في التربية، فالتربية مهمة كبيرة تتطلب الي التكاتف ومساعدة الجميع، الأسرة والحكومة وباقي مؤسسات المجتمع بهدف صناعة جيل ناضج خال من فيروسات التصعب والاقصاء، لأن الافراد تتأثر بما يحصل في المجتمع الذي تعيش فيه ولذلك يمكن الإشارة الي أن العنف السلوكي أو التعصب الفكري الذي يصبغ وينخر جسم المجتمع نتاج الظروف والأزمات التي عاشت الأسرة الصومالية خلال عقدين من الحرب الأهلية، وأن اي خلل في المجتمع يعتبر خللا في التمساك والترابط الإ جتماعي للأمة.

فحالة الشك في الإ نتماء للوطن التي ترها هذا الأيام ليست الا شواهد من افرازات استخدام العنف بين أبناء الوطن الذي وعمليات الإغتيال والسلب والتهجير، وها نحن اليوم نري أن كل فصيلة أوقبيلة تحاول الإنفصال عن الاخري وتتبرم منها بدواعي الفدرالية وتطبيق الدستور الذي يقر للأسف نظام الحكم الفدرالي، ولا تتورع من الارتكانوالارتهان الي الدول الأجنبية التي تبدوا أنها المحرك الأساسي للمشاكل الصومالية والمذبذب بين الصوماليين.

وعلى أي حال لا يتم حل ظاهرة التعصب الا من خلال فحص وتشخيص دقيقين لإسباب هذه الظاهرة وانعكاساتها السلبية علي المجتمع الصومالي، ووضع الحلول العلمية الصحيحة لها عبر تفعيل القانون والعدالة الإجتماعية كمنطلق أساسي لحل جميع الازمات الراهنة، وعلي الجميع الإبتعاد عن قانون الغابات.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

أ.حسن محمد علي

كاتب وباحث في علم الإجتماع

مقالات ذات صلة

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