الطريقة التيجانية وأدوارها السياسية في إفريقيا الغربية خلال القرن 19م

يندرج عملنا هذا ضمن إطار الاهتمام الذي نوليه لدراسة القارة الإفريقية عموماً، والأجزاء الغربية منها على وجه الخصوص؛ وذلك إيماناً منَا بأنَ تاريخ إفريقيا جنوبي الصحراء لم يأخذ حقه في الدراسة والبحث والتقصي، خاصة بين الأوساط الأكاديمية العربية. ومن هنا تأتي أهمية هذا العمل، كمساهمة متواضعة في سد وملء هذه الثغرة.
كما تهدف هذه الدراسة والتي عنوناها بـ (الطريقة التيجانية وأدوارها السياسية في إفريقيا الغربية خلال القرن 19م)، إلى تسليط الضوء بشكل مفصل، وبطريقة سلسة ومبسطة على الطريقة التيجانية وأدوارها السياسية والمتمثلة بمقاومة المد الاستعماري الفرنسي، خلال القرن التاسع عشر؛ وهو القرن الذي تنامي التنافس الأوروبي على القارة الإفريقية، وخاصة منطقة إفريقيا الغربية.
وقد بنيت هذه الدراسة من مقدمة، وثلاثة فصول؛ عالجنا في الفصل الأول التعريف بمؤسس الطريقة التيجانية، وهو سيدي أحمد التيجاني، كما تطرقنا إلى رحلاته الخارجية التي كان لها الدور الأبرز في صقل واستكمال معارفه الدينية، والعلمية. أما الفصل الثاني، والذي عنوناه بـ (قيام التيجانية بمنطقة إفريقيا الغربية وانتشارها)، حاولنا خلال هذا الفصل، التعريف بالشيخ عمر الفوتي باعث التيجانية ومؤسسها بإفريقيا الغربية، وما قام به من رحلات داخل المجال السنغالي وخارجه، وبينا أهمية هذه الرحلات في بلورة فكره الجهادي. كما تطرقنا في هذا الفصل أيضا، للحديث عن الظروف الداخلية المتردية لمنطقة إفريقيا الغربية، ودور هذه الظروف في تنامي الطريقة التيجانية، وانتشار افكارها ومبادئها في المنطقة. ثم عرجنا للحديث عن أهم الحركات الإصلاحية التي شهدتها المنطقة، نتيجة تدهور الأوضاع السياسية للمنطقة، وبينا أنَ من بين أهم أهداف هذه الحركات الاصلاحية ــ الجهادية، هو جمع شتات المسلمين بالمنطقة، بهدف إقامة دولة إسلامية قوية، قادرة على تقويم الأوضاع الداخلية المتدهورة، ومستعدة في الوقت ذاته لمواجهة الضغط الأوروبي المتنامي والمستفحل.
كما توقفنا في هذا الفصل، لمناقشة قضية التدخل الأوربي بدءاً من الوجود البرتغالي، ومرورا بالأطماع الهولندية والإنجليزية، ثم أخيراً التغلغل الفرنسي الذي استطاع الانفراد ــ بعد إقامة تفاهمات دولية ــ بالمنطقة، ونهب خيراتها.
أما الفصل الثالث والأخير، فقد تحدثنا فيه بشيء من التفصيل عن الأدوار السياسية التي لعبتها الطريقة التيجانية خلال القرن 19، والمتمثلة في مقاومة الاستعمار الفرنسي، فخاضت الدولة التيجانية العديد من المعارك ضد القوى الاستعمارية، وكبدتها خسائر فادحة، ولكن انعدام تكافأ القوى جعل الكفة تميل للفرنسيين، فاستطاعوا القضاء على التيجانية، وفرض سيطرتهم فعلاً على المنطقة.
وفي النهاية، نود لفت الانتباه إلى قضية أساسية وهي، أنَ الانهيار الذي أصاب الدولة التيجانية، كان سقوطاُ عسكريا وسياسيا، وليس فكريا وروحيا، مما يدفعنا إلى التأكيد أنَ التيجانية وتعاليمها ازدادت انتشارا ونفوذا بعد وفاة شيخها الحاج عمر الفوتي، واستمرت قائمة الوجود إلى يومنا هذا.
وأنهينا دراستنا هذه بخاتمة، تضمنت النتائج كافة، والتقارير التي توصل إليها البحث، وكذلك الإشكاليات التي لم نستطع من خلال البحث إيجاد حلول لها، آمين من الباحثين الغيورين على المصلحة العلمية، إيجاد حلول لها في ظل تقنيات جديدة لاستكشاف ما هو دفين.
كما اعتمدنا في هذا البحث على عدد لا بأس به من المصادر والمراجع، سواءً العربية منها والتي بلغ عددها (20)، أو الأجنبية (19)، والتي مكنتنا من معالجة أهم القضايا والأحداث التاريخية التي عاشتها المنطقة خلال فترة الدراسة.
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