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ماهي الاثار السلبية لتجارة الدواجن الحية؟

صورة الدكتور عادل عمر الدكتور عادل عمر9 مارس، 2019

إن تطور صناعة الدواجن يعتمد علي زيادة الانتاجية ورفع كفاءتها الانتاجية وتحقيق الأمن الغذائي والحد من الفقر والالتزام بمتطلبات الجودة والسلامة الغذائية ورفع قدرات العاملين في صناعة الدواجن لرفع الكفاءة. و إنه توجد 22 شركة تعمل في انتاج الدواجن بمعدل 46 مليون و588 الف فرخة بما يعادل 57 الف و405 أطنا.

أهم ما يميز صناعة الدواجن في مصر هي العشوائية، بمعنى عدم وجود آليات واضحة لمتابعة تنفيذ القرارات التي تنظم العمل في الصناعة، وتحفظ حقوق العاملين فيها، وأكبر مثال على ذلك أن معظم الإنتاج يأتي من المزارع الصغيرة، ومن الإنتاج الريفي بما يمثل 40 % تقريباً من احتياجات السوق،

 وهذه المزارع الصغيرة أو الإنتاج الريفي لا يخضعان بأي شكل من الأشكال لأي نوع من أنواع الرقابة إلا بنسبة قليلة جداً، وقد لا تكون أيضاً بصفة منتظمة.

ومن العشوائية كذلك في صناعة الدواجن، وجود الدخلاء غير المتخصصين على هذه الصناعة، والذي ساعد على وجودهم بهذه الصناعة، تزايد الطلب المحلى على الدواجن وعدم القدرة على الوفاء بمتطلبات السوق،

ونظراً لأن الربح هو العامل الأساسي، بل هو الشغل الشاغل للدخلاء على الصناعة، مما جعلهم يبحثون عن أكثر الطرق ربحاً مثل اللجوء لغير المتخصصين لإدارة تلك المزارع، بسبب انخفاض أجورهم بالإضافة أيضاً إلى أن معظم هذه المزارع تكون غير مرخصة، وبالتالي غير خاضعة أو مستوفية للاشتراطات الصحية، ومن الطبيعي بعد ذلك أن يكون الإهمال في طبيعة العلف أو الأدوية المستخدمة أو دفن الدواجن النافقة…. إلخ هو سيد الموقف.

تتعدد أسباب الخسارة وتتنوع، ومن أهمها العشوائية فى التربية وعدم وجود المختصين فى إدارة المزارع وضعف الرقابة عليها، ولكن من أهم أسباب الخسارة فى الآونة الأخيرة هو التناسب العكسى ما بين المناعة وسرعة النمو،

حيثُ إن السوق تحتاج إلى الدواجن بصورة سريعة وبكميات كبيرة، وتعد السلالات الموجودة حالياً والتى تنمو فى خلال 35 يوماً ذات مناعة ضعيفة، فهى لا تتحمل الأمراض الوبائية الناجمة عن عدم الالتزام بمبادئ الأمان الحيوي فى المقام الأول، بما يؤدى إلى نفوق أعداد كبيرة منها وبصورة سريعة مسببة خسائر فادحة.

وبحسبة بسيطة عندما يكون ثمن الكتكوت 7 جنيهات ويتكلف نحو 28 جنيهاً علف عند عمر 30 يوماً بالإضافة إلى 5 جنيهات أدوية ورعاية وخلافه، فيكون مجموع تكلفة الكتكوت عند عمر 30 يوماً هو 40 جنيهاً، وبالتالي عند حدوث حالات النقوق أو تفشى الأمراض، فإذا ما كان عدد الدواجن النافقة 1000 كتكوت فإن الخسارة تصل إلى 40000 جنيه فى العنبر الواحد، ومما يزيد من تلك الخسائر استخدام أعلاف مجهولة المصدر لا تحتوى على النسب المقررة من البروتين والطاقة بالإضافة إلى إمكانية احتواء هذه الأعلاف على مسببات مرضية – خاصة “الأفلاتوكسين” – نتيجة استخدام مكونات أعلاف دون المستوى.

أن الذرة الصفراء تدخل بنسبة تزيد علي ٦٠٪ من مكونات الأعلاف، وتبقى نسبة الـ٤٠٪ من المواد البروتينية وباقى الإضافات، مضيفا أنه يتم استيراد أردأ أنواع الذرة منزوعة الجنين، لافتا إلى توقف مشروع زراعة احتياجات مصر من الذرة الصفراء فى السودان لإنتاج ٦ ملايين فدان من الذرة الصفراء و٣.٥ مليون فدان فول صويا، إلا أن المشروع توقف دون أسباب، موضحا أننا نستورد ٩٠٪ من العليقة الجافة للإنتاج الحيوانى والداجنى، كما نستورد ٨٧.٧٪ من الأمصال واللقاحات الخاصة بالإنتاج الحيوانى والداجنى،

 أن ذلك هو سبب انهيار الإنتاج الحيوانى والداجنى، لأنه ليس من المعقول أن تكون مصر المستورد الأول للذرة الصفراء والفول الصويا وهما العمود الفقرى للعليقة بنسبة ٩٠٪ من محتوياتها، بالإضافة إلى بعض المركزات التى تستوردها مصر أيضًا، ويبلغ سعر الطن منها ٤٨٠٠ جنيه، مقارنة بسعر المركزات المصرية التى تبلغ ٩٠٠ جنيه، ويجب إعدامها وليس إضافتها للعليقة، السبب وراء غياب سياسة دورة زراعية واضحة، الأمر الذى يجعلنا نستورد ذرة صفراء منزوعة الأجنة، التى تعتبر العمود الفقرى للإنتاج الداجنى والحيوانى وتمثل ٩٠٪ من العليقة الجافة،

علمًا بأن هناك مناطق يمكن زراعتها بثلاث عروات من الذرة الصفراء ولم يتم استغلالها، فضلا عن استيراد ما يزيد علي ٣.٥ مليون طن فول صويا، و٩٨.٤٪ من الزيت، مع العلم أن مصر تستورد بعض الزيوت بها «GMO» وهو مخالف لاتفاقية السلام الإحيائى التى وقعته

يوجد العديد من المعوقات فى صناعة الدواجن، ومنها عدم توافر الأعلاف بصفة مستمرة، حيثُ تكون الأعلاف 70 % من مستلزمات الإنتاج، وأهمها الذرة الصفراء وفول الصويا وتكون أغلبيتها مستوردة وخاضعة للتغيير بسبب التغيير المستمر فى أسعار صرف الدولار، مما يؤدى إلى ارتفاع تكلفة الإنتاج وسعر المنتج النهائى على المستهلك. بالإضافة إلى عشوائية التسويق وعدم وجود سياسة واضحة لتسويق الدواجن،

ان القطاع الريفى رغم انخفاض إمكانياته يتشابك تلقائيا في منظومة إنتاجية فاعلة.. قوامها أكثر من 1000معمل بلدي للتفريخ.. يعتمد من آلاف السنين علي نظام فريد لإنتاج احتياجاته من الكتاكيت.. تلك المعامل التي تعتبر إدارتها من الأسرار المهنية التي تتوارثها عائلات بأعينها…… وتمثل تراثا مصريا أصيلا يجب التركيز عليه في عمليات تحديث وتطوير الصناعة.. ومع كل المتغيرات والتطورات التي جرت.. وتأسيس صناعة حديثة للدواجن.. فمازالت هذه المعامل تنتج سنويا أكثر من 153 مليون كتكوت من السلالات المحلية.. ومازال ذلك النوع من الإنتاج الريفي يمثل حوالي 30 % من دجاج اللحم.. و40 % من بيض المائدة.. منسوبا إلي جملة الإنتاج القومي.

والذي يصب فى مصلحة سمسارة الدواجن. وأيضاً عدم وجود ثقة فى الأدوية البيطرية المصرية وفعاليتها وجدواها فى علاج الدواجن، مما يضطر المربين وأصحاب المزارع إلى اللجوء إلى الأدوية المستوردة، والتى ترتفع أسعارها أيضاً بارتفاع أسعار صرف الدولار وعدم توافرها فى أحيان أخرى. ومن أهم المعوقات احتكار شركات معينة فى توريد الكتاكيت للمزارع، بما يجعلهم متحكمين فى الأسعار مما يزيد العبء المادى على صناع الدواجن.

• ضرورة اتباع قواعد الأمان الحيوي المطلوبة لعدم التعرض لمرض أنفلونزا الطيور ويجب أن يتم التحصين تحت إشراف الدولة، مع انتقاء سلالات جيدة للتربية حيث أن غالبية السلالات الموجودة بمصر مصابة بالمرض.

• العمل علي تخفيض تكاليف الإنتاج وتوفير الأعلاف و مستلزماتها محلياً للحد من استيرادها.

• العمل علي استخدام الوسائل التكنولوجية الحديثة في التربية وتقديم الدعم الكامل للمنتجين فنياً ومادياً.

• ضرورة الرقابة علي أسعار بيع الدواجن مع توفير قاعدة بيانات ومعلومات للمزارعين والمنتجين بهدف ضبط الأسعار.

• ضرورة الإبقاء علي التدريب المستمر للعاملين في المجال سواء البيطريين أو العمال.

• توجيه الدعم للشركات المصرية العاملة بالمجال في الأراضي الأفريقية حيث المراعي الطبيعية و الأسعار المنخفضة مثل شركة النصر للتصدير و الاستيراد العاملة بالسودان حيث تواجه هذه الشركات صعوبات كثيرة أهمها ارتفاع تكاليف النقل ودرجات الحرارة المرتفعة والمخاطر الأمنية.

• يجب أن يتم التأمين علي الشركات والمزارع العاملة بتلك الصناعة لتعويضها عن الخسائر حال تعرضها لأزمات.

• إعادة هيكلة الاتحاد العام لمنتجي الدواجن حتي يكون أكثر كفاءة وفعالية وتوسيع قاعدة العضوية لتشمل صغار المنتجين الذين يمثلون حوالي 70% من الإنتاج التجاري.

صورة الدكتور عادل عمر الدكتور عادل عمر9 مارس، 2019
صورة الدكتور عادل عمر

الدكتور عادل عمر

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