أخبارمقالات

الدين والحضارة

صورة عبد الواحد عبد الله شافعي عبد الواحد عبد الله شافعي25 يونيو، 2016

هناك من يعتقد من المفكرين في الشرق والغرب أن الدين عائق لنشوء الحضارات وتقدم الأمم، ويستدلون علي ذلك بأنّ أوربّا لم تقم لها قائمة إلّا بعد أن تخلّصت من سلطة الكنيسة وطغيان رجال الكهنوت، ويعزون تخلّف المسلمين اليوم عن الركب الحضاري إلى تمسكهم بالدِّين وتعلقهم بأهدابه. وفي تصوري أنّ الأديان لم تكن يومًا من الأيام عائقا للتطوّر البشري والإنتاج الحضاري لأيّ أمة من الامم، بل إن الدين يعتبر عاملاً مهمًّا من عوامل بناء الحضارات وتقدّم الأمم، إذ أنّه يحفّز النّاس على النشاط، ويحثّهم على العمل ويحرّرهم من الخضوع لسلطة العباد، مما يفجر طاقات البشر ويفضي إلى الإنتاج والإبداع الخلّاق فى شتى مناحي الحياة الإنسانية. وهذا في الحقيقة ليس إلّا تحقيقا لمعاني استخلاف الله للإنسان في الأرض وحمله أمانة هذا الاستخلاف بمعنى أنه استخلاف في الأرض بقصد إصلاحها وإعمارها لا بإفسادها وخرابها. إلا أنّ الدين بمرور الزمن وتقادم العهد قد يفقد بعض تلك العوامل الإيجابية بسبب جمود أتباعه وركونهم إلي التقليد وإهمالهم العقل وإغلاقهم باب الاجتهاد والتجديد، مما يؤدي إلي الانغلاق والركود والتخلف العلمي والعقلي. وهنا يصبح الدين عبئا وعالة علي أتباعه بدل أن يكون عامل نهوض وبناء، ويركن أتباعه إلى الكسل والخمول بعد أن كان يحثهم علي النشاط والعمل.

إن الإسلام فجّر طاقات التقدم والرّقي في نفوس المسلمين الأوائل وبفضله استطاعوا إنشاء حضارة إنسانية راقية في مدّة زمنيّة قصيرة ساهمت في إثراء الفكر الإنسانيّ بصفة عامّة، وحملت معها مشعل التنوير والعلم والمعرفة. وذلك بسبب الشحنة الإيمانية القوية التي ألقاها القرآن في قلوب المسلمين واستلهامهم روح الإسلام وما أرساه من قيم ومبادئ. لقد انفتحوا علي العالم حولهم وانفتحوا كذلك على الآخر وما لديه من فكر وعلم وفلسفة. وفي بدايات العصر العباسي قاموا بأكبر حركة ترجمة في تاريخ العالم. نقلوا التراث العلمي والفكري والفلسفي لليونان إلي اللغة العربية، مما كان له دور كبير في النهضة  العلمية للمسلمين الذين أبدعوا في جميع مجالات المعرفة من طب وفلسفة وفلك وفيزياء وكيمياء وغير ذلك مما كان له دور كبير في نهضة أوربا العلمية باعتراف كثير من مفكريها، ولا ينكرتلك الحقيقة اليوم إلا جاحد أو معاند    .

لكن المسلمين يعشون اليوم في حالة مزرية من تخلّف وركود. مع أنّه لا شيء تغيّر من الديّن، القرآن هو نفس القرآن والإسلام كذلك هو ذات الإسلام. غير أنّ الذي حصل وأدّى بهم إلى هذه الحالة هو تغير فهمهم للدين حيث اختلط الدين بالتراث وتداخل الدين والفهم البشري له، وبذلك فقد الإسلام تأثيره الإيجابي وغابت تلك الشحنة الإيمانية القويّة التي فجرت الطاقات البشرية للمسلمين الأوائل.

إنّ علماءنا القدامى كانوا منفتحين على ما لدى الآخرين من علم وفكر لأنهم كانوا واثقين من أنفسهم، يستطيعون أن يتواصلوا مع الآخرين دون الذوبان فيهم، ولكننا نرى اليوم المسلمين منغلقين منعزلين عن التواصل مع التراث الإنساني، بل إنّ بعضهم يعتبر دراسة العلوم العقلية مثل المنطق والفلسفة زندقة إن لم تكن كفراً، كل ذلك ينبئ عن روح خائفة ومضطربة تخاف من الآخر ومن التواصل معه وتنطوي على ذاتها تعيد وتكرر قراءة كتب تراثية ألفها أسلافنا لتلبية حاجات عصرهم واستجابة التحديات التي واجهت مجتمعهم.

نحن اليوم  نواجه تحدّيات أخري مختلفة عن التحديات التي واجهها أسلافنا. وتتطلب منّا فكراً واجتهادا مختلفاً يتوافق معها، وعند ما نقول ذلك لا نعني أن ننسلخ من هذا التراث كلّيًّا ولا نرجع إليه، فمن لا ماضي له لا مستقبل له ولكننا نعني أنّ نقرأه بعين النقد ونأخذ منه ما هو صالح لعصرنا ونتجاوز ما عدا ذلك إلى فضاءات أخرى أكثر انفتاحا واتساعا يتيحها لنا العقل ومبادئ وقيم الإسلام، مستعينين في ذلك بإسهامات الحضارة الإنسانية المعاصرة وما قدّمته من علم وفكر وفلسفة، إذ أنّ الحضارة لا يمكن أن تنسب إلى قوم أو دين أو عرق معين إلا مجازا، فهي ملك مشاع للجميع ومساهمة المسلمين فيها كبيرة، ويتحمل أمانة هذه المسؤوليّة كلّ من توفّرت له شروط الاستخلاف والتمكين في الأرض.

روّاد النهضة في العالم الإسلامي في القرن التاسع عشر وبدايات القرن العشرين كالإمام محمد عبده وجمال الدّين الأفغاني وَعبَد الرحمن الكواكبي وخير الدين التونسي ورفاعة الطهطاوي وغيرهم واجهوا أزمة الحداثة في العالم الإسلامي وما تحملها من تحدّيات هائلة لمجتمعاتنا، وبذلوا جهودا جبارة للوقوف على أسباب تخلف المسلمين وتقدم غيرهم من الأمم خاصة الأوربيّة. نظرتهم إلى الإصلاح قامت على ركيزتين أساسيتين. أولا: الرجوع إلى مصادر الإسلام الأولى من الكتاب والسنّة لتنقية ما علق من الشوائب بالتراث الإسلامي، وذلك بالعودة به إلي ينابيعه الأولي. ثانيًا: التواصل المعرفي مع الحضارة الغربية وما أنتجته من أفكار وعلوم ومفاهيم وقيم إنسانية للاستعانة بها في عملية النهوض بالأمّة الإسلامية.

والمفارقة أنه في الوقت الذي انشغل فيه هؤلاء الرّواد لاصلاح احوال المسلمين  ودراسة أسباب تخلفهم عن الركب الحضاري وكان همهم الأساسي هو إيجاد جواب مقنع للسؤال المحوري الذي ارق مضاجعهم. وهذا هو السؤال الذي جعله شكيب إرسلان عنوانا لكتابه المشهور في عام ١٩٣٠” لما ذا تاخر المسلمون وتقدم غيرهم؟” وهوالسؤال الحضاري الذي لم يجد له المسلمون الي اليوم جوابا شافيا. إن هذا السؤال المصيري الذي يختصر عمق الأزمة الحضارية التي يعيشها المسلمون تحول بعد ظهور الحركات الإسلامية إلي صيغة أخري في كتاب أبي الحسن الندوي في عام ١٩٥٠ “ماذا خسر العالم بانحطاط المسلمين؟” فمن عنوان الكتاب ندرك أن السؤال عند الحركات الاسلامية لم يعد عن تخلف المسلمين وانما عن خسارة العالم بانحطاط المسلمين.

   ومن هنا نفهم ظهور أدبيات الخطاب الإسلامي القائمة على الغرور والتضخم وانصب التركيز على الحفاظ علي الهوية الإسلامية وضعف الاهتمام بالإصلاح الفكري والثقافي وأصبحت الحضارة الغربية وقيمها مناقضة بل مضادة كليا لقيم الإسلام ومبادئه، مما أدي إلي قطيعة معرفية بين الثقافتين، هذا بالنسبة للإسلاميين الحركيين كحركة الإخوان. أما التيارات السلفية فجل همها منصب على إصلاح عقائد المسلمين من الشركيات علي الطريقة المعروفة في أدبياتهم، وقد عاد هؤلاء إلى التراث بمعناه الحرفي، ولم يخرجوا منها يعيدون ويكررون المعارك الكلاميّة التي دارت بين المذاهب الإسلامية في العصور الأولي.

  خلاصة القول علي المسلمين بصفة عامّة وعلى الحركات الإسلامية بصفة أخص أن يعودوا إلي سؤال روّاد النهضة “لما ذا   تأخرالمسلمون وتقدم غيرهم؟ ويقوم ببلورة مشروع حضاري يمزج بين الأصالة والمعاصرة بمعني العودة إلى التراث الإسلامي واستيعابه ونقده ثم تمثّله بروح العصر بالانفتاح على الحضارات الأخرى وما أنتجته من قيم وأفكار مع مراعاة خصوصية الفكر الإسلامي  وظروف تطور مجتمعاته. لا روح للدين بدون حضارة ولا معنى للحضارة بدون دين.

عبدالواحد عبدالله شافعي

صورة عبد الواحد عبد الله شافعي عبد الواحد عبد الله شافعي25 يونيو، 2016
صورة عبد الواحد عبد الله شافعي

عبد الواحد عبد الله شافعي

كاتب صومالي من مواليد بلدوين ومقيم في بريطانيا. حصل على درجة الليسانس في الدراسات الإسلامية واللغة العربية من كلية الدعوة في ليبيا في عام ١٩٩٤. نال دبلوم ماجستير في اللغة العربية وآدابها من الكلية نفسها في عام ١٩٩٦. حصل على ماجستير في اللغويات وتعليم اللغات الأجنبية من جامعة لندن متروبولتان في بريطانيا في عام ٢٠١٦. يعمل في خدمة الجاليات المسلمة في بريطانيا. له مقالات وبحوث فكرية وسياسية منشورة في الصحف والمواقع العربية. يهتم بقضايا الفكر الاسلامي السياسي

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