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القضاء في الصومال … رؤية الاصلاح والتطوير (خطة عملية )

صورة وحدة البحوث والدرسات وحدة البحوث والدرسات3 أبريل، 2014

المقدمة

لا أحد ينكر أن الأزمة الصومالية معقدة وأسبابها متعددة، لكن لا نستطيع أيضا إنكار دور غياب العدالة في تأجيج الصراعات بين الصوماليين. فإن الواقع الأليم الذي يمر به البلاد ما هو الا نتاج عن غياب العدالة وقانون الاستبداد الذي وضعه الإستعمار ومارسته السلطات التي تسلمت الحكم من بعده. فلم تكن يوما قوانيين العدالة في بلادنا الا سفيا مسلطا على رقاب المواطنين، وآلة ردع في يد السلطة تشهر على وجه كل من تسول نفسه معارضة سياساتها أو يحاول توجيه النصح والنقد بسبب ما يبادر منها من تصرفات لا تتناسب مع تطلعاته ولا تتوافق مع مستوى طموحاته المتقدمة. فكان لايفتأ أحد يذكر شيئا عن أخطاء الحكومة أو النظام الحاكم حتى تلفق له التهم وترفع ضده دعاوى باطلة دون أن تتوفر له حق الدفاع عن النفس والحصول على أدنى ما تضمنه المواثيق الدوالية بشأن حقوق الإنسان والعدالة الاجتماعية، ولهذا كانت قاعات المحاكم وعنبرات السجون في الحكومات التي مرت البلاد مليئة بالنشطاء السياسين ودعاة الحقوق والعدالة. 

في هذه المرحلة الانتقالية والمهمة في تاريح شعبنا العظيم تقع مسؤولية كبيرة على عاتق الحكومة الصومالية التي يجب عليها العمل بكل ما أوتي من قوة على إعادة هيبة القضاء في البلاد وبناء مؤسسات قضائية بعيدة عن الولاءات القبيلية والسياسية حتى تكون نموذجا يحتذى به في المجتمع و في سلطات الدولة الأخرى والحكومة. فهذا الأمر فيما يبدو صعب وليس باليسير، لكن الإرادة القوية قادرة على تحقيق المعجزات وأن الشعب يعلق آمالا عريضة على وزير العدل الحالي الاستاذ فارح الشيخ عبد القادر المعروف بمواقفه المعادة للظلم والفساد المستشري في البلاد.

فالقضاء الصومالي يمر اليوم بأسوء مراحلة. لا يوجد في البلاد هيكل قضائي موحد. فلكل اقليم أو دارة محلية قضائها البدائي الذي لا يلبي حاجات سكان تلك المناطق ويتحاكم قضاتها وفق ما يناسبهم من احكام الشريعة وقوانيين الأنظمة السابقة واللوائح الداخلية للعشائر . أما في العاصمة مقديشو، لا يوجد فيها سوى ثلاث محاكم؛ المحكمة العليا التي لا نعرف منها الا رئيسها المحامي عييد الكاحنف، ومحكمة محافظة بنادر التي تنظر جميع القضائيا المدنية والجنائية والمحكمة العسكرية.

لذلك، انطلاقا من مقررات وتوصيات الحوار الوطني حول اصلاح القضاء يجب على الحكومة الصومالية أن تعيدالنظر في هيكل النظام القضائي بالتعاون مع الجهات المختصة وبما يناسب مع تطورات المرحلة كي يكون صرحا شامخا يلجأ اليها الشعب في وقت الشدائد والمحن السياسية؛ لأن مؤسستي القضاء والجيش يمثلان الأركان الأساسية التي تقوم بها الدول، وهما اللذان ينقذان البلدان من الانهيار والتفكك.

رؤية الاصلاح والتطوير ( الخطة العملية)

 أولا: استقلال القضاء وضماناتة 

أقرّ دستور البلاد :

  • السلطة القضائية مستقلة عن السلطتين التنفيذية والتشريعية 
  • القضاة مستقلون، لا سلطان عليهم سوى أحكام الدستور
  •  لا تجوز مخاصمة القضاة إلا وفق الشروط والقواعد الخاصة بتأديبهم
  • القضاة غير قابلين للعزل الا في حالات يحددها القانون 
  • لا يجوز للقاضي تولي مهام سياسية أو مزاولة أي نشاط لا يتفق مع وظيفته
  • لكل شخص الحق في اقامة الدعاوي القضائية في مساواة مطلقة مع غيره أمام قاض قانوني مختص

 ثانيا: كيف ينبغي أن يكون هيكل القضاء الصومالي؟

ينبغي أن يكون نظام القضاء وفقا للدستور مكونا من  :

١- المجلس  الاعلى للقضاء 

يتألف هذا المجلس الي 9 اشخاص ويختارون واحدا منهم لرئاسة المجلس ويعمل معه خمس مساعدين. ويتكون أعضاء المجلس وفقا للدستور من رئيس المحكمة الدستورية  ورئيس المحكمة العليا  ومحامان  ورئيس مجلس حقوق الإنسان وشخصان من المجتمع المدني.

مهامات وصلاحيات المجلس :

أولا – وضع السياسة العامة لتطوير شئون القضاء .

ثانيا- النظر في جميع المواضيع التي تعرض على المجلس فيما يتعلق بتعيين القضاة وترقيتهم وعزلهم ومحاسبتهم وتقاعدهم ونقلهم واستقالتهم.

ثالثا- تأديب القضاة .

رابعا-  دراسة مشروعات القوانين المتعلقة بالقضاء .

خامسا- النظر في تاريخ التفتيش الدوري على أعمال رؤساء وقضاة محاكم الاستئناف والمحاكم الابتدائية لتقدير درجة كفاءاتهم وبحث الشكاوي التي تقدم ضدهم والنظر في الطلبات التي تقدم منهم والتصرف فيها وفقاً لأحكام لائحة التفتيش القضائي .

سادسا- إبداء الرأي في مشروع ميزانية السلطة القضائية ولمجلس القضاء الأعلى أن يطلب ما يراه ضرورياً من البيانات والأوراق من الجهات الحكومية وغيرها، وله أن يطلب حضور من يرى الاستماع إليه .

سابعا- الإختصاصات الأخرى التي يعطيها الدستور الفيدرالي

الميزانية الشهرية للمجلس 

يخصص لهذا المجلس ميزانية شهرية قدرها …. شلن ص. ويوزع كالتالي:

 أ- أعضاء المجلس لكل منهم… شلن ص

ب- أفراد السكرتارية وهم خمسة ولكل منهم …شلن ص

ج- معاملان… واحد للنظافة وآخر للقهوة ويتقاضى كل واحد منهم .. شلن ص

د- ويخصص للترميمات والعمل اليومي …شلن ص

هـ – أفراد الحراسة ( عدد الحراس) شخصا ويتقاضى كل منهم شهريا … شلن ص

 ٢- المحكمة الدستورية

تتألف المحكمة الدرستورية من 5 قضاة. 

يعين الرئيس اعضاء المحكمة الدستور بعد اخذ رأي المجلس الاعلى للقضاء وحصولهم على موافقة البرلمان.

 ينتخب اعضاء المحكمة رئيس المحكمة الدستورية.

مهام المحكمة الدستورية:

أولًا: الرقابة على دستورية القوانين واللوائح:.

 ثانيا: الفصل في تنازع الاختصاص الإيجابي والسلبي بين الجهات والهيئات القضائية:

ثالثًا: المنازعات المتعلقة بتنفيذ الأحكام النهائية المتعارضة:.

رابعًا: فصل المنازعات بين الحكومة الاتحادية والحكومات الاقليمية

خامسا: النظر والفصل في الاتهامات الموجهة لرئيس الدولة 

 الميزانية الشهرية للمحكمة 

يخصص لهذا المحكمة ميزانية شهرية قدرها …شلن ص ويوزع كالتالي:

أ- اعضاء المجلس لكل منهم … شلن ص

ب- أفراد السكرتارية وهم خمسة ولكل منهم … شلن ص

ج- عاملان… واحد للنظافة وآخرى للقهوة ويتقاضى كل واحد منهم … شلن ص

د- ويخصص للترميمات والعمل اليومي … شلن ص

هـ – أفراد الحراسة (عدد الحراس) شخصا ويتقاضى كل منهم شهريا … شلن ص

 ٣- المحكمة العليا

المحكمة العليا هي أعلى هيئة قضائية في الجمهورية ولها السلطة القضائية على كل اقاليم الدولة في المسائل المدنية والجنائية والادارية والمالية وفي اية مسالة اخرى يحددها القانون والدستور. 

يضع القانون القواعد المتعلقة بتنظيم المحكمة العليا والهيئات القضائية الاخرى.

 تمارس المحكمة العليا المهام التالية :-

أولا-  الفصل في تنازع الاختصاص بين جهات القضاء.

ثانيا- الفصل في الطعون الانتخابية.

ثالثا – الفصل في الطعون والأحكام النهائية المكتسبة للدرجة القطعية في المواد المدنية والتجارية والجنائية والأحوال الشخصية والمنازعات الإدارية والدعاوى التأديبية.

رابعا – الرقابة القضائية على جميع المحاكم في الجمهورية.

خامسا – أية مهام أخرى بمقتضى القانون.

 الميزانية الشهرية للمحكمة 

يخصص لهذا المحكمة ميزانية شهرية قدرها ..… شلن ص ويوزع كالتالي:

 أ- أعضاء المحكمة لكل منهم … شلن ص

بـ – أفراد السكرتارية وهم خمسة ولكل منهم … شلن ص

 جـ – عاملان… واحد للنظافة وآخر للقهوة وتتقاضى كل واحد منهم… شلن ص

د- ويخصص للترميمات والعمل اليومي … شلن ص

هـ – أفراد الحراسة ( عدد الحراس) شخصا ويتقاضى كل منهم شهريا…. شلن ص 

٤- النيابة العامة

هي وكيل الشعب المباشر عن تحريك الدعوى الجنائية وبمتابعة سيرها حتى يصدر فيها حكم نهائي، وولايته في ذلك عامة تشتمل على سلطتي التحقيق والاتهام وتنبسط على إقليم الجمهورية برمته .

ويقرر المجلس الاعلي للقضاء كيفية تكوين النيابة العامة وفقا للأحكام الدستور

٥- محاكم الدرجة الأولى وهي كالتالي:

أ-  المحكمة المدنية 

تنظر المحكمة المدنية في :

القضيا المتعلقة بالأحوال الشخصية ( الطلاق- الزواج- الارث..)

النزعات بين الأشخاص ( غير الجنائية) أو بين الاشخاص والهيئات الحكومية أو المدنية.

الخلافات التي تنشأ عن العقود 

الخلافات المالية التي لا تتجاوز عن 5 مليون شلن ص

 ب- المحكمة الجنائية 

تنظر المحكمة الجنائية في القضايا المتعلقة:

القتل 

السرقة

القذف

الاغتصاب

التزوير

الارهاب كـ (قطاع الطرق)

التمييز العنصري

 ج- المحكمة المالية

تنظر المحكمة المالية في القضايا المتعلقة

الفساد المالي  

النزعات المالية التي تتجاوز 5 مليون شلن ص

الافلاس

٦- محاكم الإستئناف 

للمحاكم الثلاثة التي ذكرناه أعلاه محاكم للاستئناف تنظر أمامها القضايا التي صدر بحقها حكم ابتدائي

 تشكيل المحاكم الدرجة الأولى والإستئناف  …..العاصمة مقديشو نموذجا

  • يشكل في كل ناحية من نواحي مقديشو أربع محاكم، وهي: المحكمة المدنية ، المحكمة الجنائية، المحكمة المالية، محاكم الاستئناف .
  • تعمل هذه المحاكم خلال المرحلة الأولي في مبني كبير داخل الناحية يخصص لعمل تلك المحاكم 
  • تشكل كل محكمة من تلك المحاكم من قاضيين وأربعة مساعدين يتناوبون في العمل.
  • يخصص لهذه المحاكم حرس خاص (عدد الحرس) يتولى حماية أمن المبنى والعاملين فيه
  • يخصص للمبنى عمالا للنظافة (عدد العمال) والقهوة(عدد العمال)
  • يخصص للمحاكم إدارة مكونة من ثلاثة اشخاص تعينها الوزراة المالية.
  •  تتولى الإدارة مهام الشؤون المالية للمحاكم
  • يؤخذ من صاحب الدعوى مبلغا ماليا يحددها المجلس الأعلى للقضاء
  • تشكل لجنة خاصة مكونة من ثلاثة تعينها وزارة العدالة  ويصدقها المجلس الأعلى للقاضي. 
  • تتولى اللجنة المعينة من قبل وزارة العدل الاشراف والمراقبة على سير عمل المحاكم في مدينة مقديشو. 
  • تقدم اللجنة لوزير العدل في كل اسبوع تقريرا عاما عن سير اعمال المحاكم 
  • تشكل وزارة المالية لجنة مالية خاصة مكونة ثلاثة اشخاص لكل ناحية من نواحي مقديشو.
  • تتولى اللجنة المذكور أعلاه مهام الاشراف ومتابعة الوضع المالي للمحاكم 

 المراجع:

١- مسودة الدستور الصومالي عام ٢٠١٢

٢- الدستور الصومالي عام ١٩٦٩

٣- استقلال النظام القضاء المصري.. الواقع والمأمول  (كريم الشاذلي وفتوح الشاذلي)

٤- نظام المحاكم في هولندا …الموقع الرسمي للدولة 

٥- نظام القضاء السعودي الصادر – التاريخ ١٤٢٨هـ

٦- نظام القضاء اليمني … موقع المحكمة العليا اليمنية

 

 

 

 

 

 

صورة وحدة البحوث والدرسات وحدة البحوث والدرسات3 أبريل، 2014
صورة وحدة البحوث والدرسات

وحدة البحوث والدرسات

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