تركت تلك الأرملة التي تُدعى”نظيفة”، وهي أم لأربعة أطفال، كوخها بالقرب من مقديشو، عاصمة الصومال، للبحث عن الغذاء، وما إن عادت إليه، بعد عدّة ساعات، حتى وجدت رجلاً يعتدي على ابنتها البالغة من العمر 11 عامًا. وحاولت “نظيفة” الدفاع عن ابنتها ولكنها أُبعدت بقوّة من قبل رجال مسلحين لأنها أخذت تصرخ. وقد شاهد سكان الحي، بلا حول ولا قوّة، الجريمة عندما اعتدى الرجال على نظيفة. وتعرّضت نظيفة للضرب بالمسدس والركل واللكم، وعُذبت بالبلاستيك المحروق.
وفي حين يُركّز العالم على حركة الشباب وكفاءة المساعدات الغذائيّة، خلق الوضع المتدهور بيئة مهيّأة لتصاعد العنف الجنسي. وفي الوقت الذي يحمل فيه الصومال ثقل المجاعة الهائل في القرن الإفريقي، تتحمّل نساء مثل “نظيفة ” عبء الكارثة الإنسانيّة في البلاد. إن ضمان سلامة المرأة الصوماليّة يُؤتي ثماره على المدى الطويل في حالة استقرار البلاد، وعلى المدى القصير، لا بدّ من إنقاذ آلاف من أهوال الاغتصاب.
وتقول “سنيد موراي”، مدير برنامج لجنة الإنقاذ الدوليّة، كانت هناك زيادة أربعة أضعاف في العنف الجنسي منذ يونيو. ويجري اغتصاب المزيد من النساء أثناء الفرار إلى مخيّمات اللاجئين، بل والأكثر مأساويّة، يحصل ذلك داخل المخيّمات أيضًا. وفي ظلّ عدم وجود شكل من أشكال السلطة لمعاقبة المغتصبين فالنساء يخشين الذهاب إلى الحمام. إن إنشاء وسيلة فعّالة للمعونة الغذائيّة في هذه الأمّة الفاسدة يُعدّ أمرًا أساسيًّا، لكنها لن تفعل الكثير إذا كانت النساء تخشى مغادرة المنازل.
أسوأ الأماكن للمرأة
تُعدّ الصومال واحدًا من أسوأ الأماكن في العالم للمرأة، وفقًا لدراسة حديثة قام بها قانون العهد، وهو مشروع لمؤسّسة تومسون رويترز. وتقول وزيرة التنمية البشريّة الصوماليّة مريم قاسم، إنها فُوجئت تمامًا أن الصومال ليس رقم واحد (إنها تحتل المرتبة حاليًا وراء أفغانستان وجمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطيّة)، واصفة الأمّة بـ “جحيم دنيوي” للإناث. ومريم قاسم التي طلبت منها الحكومة إطلاعها على تقدّم التحقيق في قضيّة الاغتصاب التي تورّط فيها جنود من الاتحاد الإفريقي، كانت تحدّثت عن “مبالغة” في عدد ضحايا الاغتصاب في الصومال، ورأت أن على النساء المُغتصبَات تحاشي الظهور في وسائل الإعلام للحفاظ على كرامتهن.
ولأنّ المرأة نادرًا ما تقوم بالإبلاغ عن العنف الجنسي ولكون ضحيّة الاغتصاب في الصومال هو من المحرّمات، فإنّ الإحصاءات هي في أحسن الأحوال غامضة. وتعتبر حركة الشباب المرأة التي تُبلّغ السلطات عن الاغتصاب الذي تعرّضت له مجرمة. في عام 2008، أصدرت منظمة العفو الدوليّة تقريرًا عن فتاة تبلغ من العمر 13 عامًا قُتلت بعد أن ذكرت أسرتها أنها تعرّضت للاغتصاب.
وهناك عدد من شهود العيان يقولون إنها تعرّضت للضرب بوحشيّة حتى الموت أمام ألف متفرّج، لقد دُفنت حتى الرقبة ورُشقت بالحجارة. وزُعم، أنه أثناء الرجم، أُرسلت ممرضات للتحقق ممّا إذا كانت الفتاة لا تزال على قيْد الحياة. وذكر بأنها كانت لا تزال حيّة، لذلك أزالوها من الأرض، واستمرّوا في ضربها حتى ماتت.
وهناك قضيّة السيّدة الصوماليّة الأخرى والتي تعرّضت إلى الاعتداء لكنها أبلغت الشرطة بتعرّضها للاغتصاب في 10 أغسطس الماضي، وإثر ذلك شكّلت الحكومة الصوماليّة لجنة فنية للتحقيق في الحادث، وتحديد المتورّطين فيها، والأسباب الكامنة وراء مثل تلك الانتهاكات.
وبحسب تقارير الحكومة فإن الحادث وقع في قاعدة بعثة الاتحاد الإفريقي في شمال مقديشو، المعروف باسم معسكر مصلح.
وأجرى باحثو هيومن رايتس ووتش مقابلة مع السيّدة الصوماليّة في مقديشو في أغسطس ووجدوا مصداقيّة في ادعاءاتها. وكشفت سجلات المستشفى الخاصّة بها، التي اطلعت عليها هيومن رايتس ووتش بعد موافقة السيّدة، كشفت عن أن لديها إصابات تتسق مع تعرّضها للجنس القسري واعتداءات بدنيّة أخرى. وقالت إنها تحدّثت عن عمليّة الاغتصاب لأنها أرادت أن تُحمّل مهاجميها المسؤوليّة حتى وإن كانت تخشى من تبعات خطيرة على سمعتها وسلامتها.
الخوف من المجهول
وقالت السيدة لـ هيومن رايتس ووتش: الآن أواجه مشاكل عديدة، لا أستطيع أبدًا العودة من حيث جئت لأنّ الجميع يتحدّثون عني. وزوجي يُعاني صعوبات. وأنا أتساءل، ما الذي سيحدث لي الآن؟.
وقالت هيومن رايتس ووتش: إن التحقيق الحكومي شابته عيوب إجرائيّة عديدة. فبينما كان المخطط هو إجراء تحقيق مشترك، نظرًا للادعاءات ضدّ كل من الحكومة الصوماليّة وقوّات الاتحاد الإفريقي، فالتعاون كان محدودًا. في البداية تمّ إدراج بعثة الاتحاد الإفريقي وممثلي المجتمع المدني في اللجنة لكن مؤخرًا تمّ استبعادها من المشاركة في التحقيقات نتيجة لادعاءات بوجود تضارب مصالح.
وقام عناصر من قوّات الأمن الصوماليّة بمضايقة السيّدة وتخويفها لإكراهها على الإدلاء بشهادتها أمام اللجنة الفنية. في 26 أغسطس، وصل عنصر من قوّات الأمن إلى المأوى الذي تسكن فيه المرأة دون التبليغ بقدومه، لينقلها للمثول أمام اللجنة. وكانت متردّدة في التحدّث عن محنتها بسبب تدهور حالتها البدنيّة والنفسيّة في ذلك الوقت. وعندما رفضت الامتثال، حاول المسؤول الأمني جرّها للخروج من المأوى. ولم يُغادر إلاّ بعد أن فقدت وعيها.
وكان قد سبق استجواب السيّدة من الشرطة حين أبلغت عن القضيّة، كما تمّ استجوبها من قبل أجهزة الأمن في مقرّ الاستخبارات الوطنيّة بالقصر الرئاسي، والمعروف باسم فيلا الصومال. في الأسبوع التالي تمّ استجوابها مرّة أخرى من قبل أعضاء اللجنة في المأوى. وحُرمت من الاستشارة القانونيّة في كلتا المرّتين، خلافًا للمعايير القانونيّة الدوليّة والممارسات الفضلى المتبعة.
وضايق أفراد من الأمن الصومالي من الشرطة، وأجهزة الاستخبارات، والجيش، غيرها من المشاركين في القضيّة، بما في ذلك منظمة تمدّ المرأة بالمساعدة الطبّية والمأوى، والصحفي الذي أجرى أوّل مقابلة معها. استجوب مسؤولون أمنيّون في اللجنة الصحفي عن مصادره وهويّة المرأة دون وجود استشارة قانونيّة، رغم أنه طلب أن يتوفر له محام. رفض العديد من الأشخاص أصحاب الشأن في هذه القضيّة التحدّث مع هيومن رايتس ووتش، خوفًا من الانتقام.
تبريرات ضعيفة
وقالت مستشارة رئيس الوزراء لـ هيومن رايتس ووتش إنه تمّ إلقاء القبض على اثنين من جنود الحكومة الصوماليّة على اتصال بالحادث. وقالت: إن كليهما رهن الاحتجاز، لكن هيومن رايتس ووتش لم تتمكّن من التأكّد من احتجازهما، أو القيام من التعرّف على أيّ اتهامات بحقهما.
وقالت هيومن رايتس ووتش: إنّ ردّ فعل بعثة الاتحاد الإفريقي الفاتر على الادعاءات يُثير أيضًا تساؤلات حقيقيّة حول التزامها بالقيام بمساءلة قوّاتها على اتهامات العنف الجنسي على نحو شفّاف. ينتمي جنود الاتحاد الإفريقي إلى قوّات من أوغندا، وبوروندي، وجيبوتي، وسيراليون، وكينيا. خلال التحقيق، نفى المتحدّث باسم بعثة الاتحاد الإفريقي الادعاءات في مؤتمر صحفي، مشككًا في كلمته حول لماذا يختطف جنود الاتحاد الإفريقي نسوة من خارج المرافق الطبّية بينما يتعامل هؤلاء الجنود دائمًا مع الفتيات كمريضات.
وقال المتحدث الرسمي لبعثة الاتحاد الإفريقي لـ هيومن رايتس ووتش: إن البعثة والحكومة الصوماليّة توصّلا إلى أنّ ادعاءات المرأة عارية من الصحّة لكنه لم يُوضّح الإجراءات أو الأدلة التي أدّت لهذا الاستنتاج.
في وقت سابق، واجهت بعثة الاتحاد الإفريقي ادعاءات بالعنف الجنسي في الصومال. دعا مجلس الأمن الدولي في مارس بعثة الاتحاد الإفريقي إلى اتخاذ إجراءات لمنع الاعتداء والاستغلال الجنسي ومعالجة الاعتداءات المزعومة.
في يوليو، ذكرت مجموعة المراقبة التابعة لمجلس الأمن في الصومال وأريتريا أن ادعاءات الاستغلال والاعتداء الجنسي تمّ توجيهها بشكل أساسي ضدّ بعثة الاتحاد الإفريقي، لكن البعثة ينقصها الإجراءات اللازمة لمعالجة هذه الادعاءات بشكل منهجي.
إجراءات غير جدية
وقالت لايزل غيرنهولتز، مديرة قسم حقوق المرأة في هيومن رايتس ووتش: تبدو السلطات الصوماليّة متعثرة في تحقيقها في الاغتصاب الجماعي المزعوم بدلاً من السعي بجدية في القضية. يُشير هذا التحقيق المعيب إلى أن مسؤولي الأمن يُحاولون إسكات كل اؤلئك الذين يُبلغون عن المشكلة المتفشية للعنف الجنسي وأولئك الذين يُقدّمون المساعدة لضحايا الاغتصاب. وتضيف: لن تُخفي السلطات الصوماليّة وقوّات الاتحاد الإفريقي مزاعم العنف الجنسي بالإنكار الشامل. وأضافت: يجب على البلدان المساهمة بقوّات أن تبدأ فورًا في إجراءات واضحة وشفّافة للتحقيق في الادعاءات على وجه السرعة وبنزاهة، ومحاسبة أولئك الذين تثبت مسؤوليتهم.
بينما تعهّد مسؤولون حكوميّون رفيعو المستوى، من بينهم رئيس الوزراء الصومالي والرئيس، مرارًا وتكرارًا بمعالجة المشكلات المتعلقة بالعنف الجنسي، فإن الإجراءات التي اتخذتها القوّات الحكوميّة أدّت لتقويض هذه الالتزامات.
وفي مطلع العام، تمّت مقاضاة سيّدة من النازحين داخليّاً زعمت بتعرّضها للاغتصاب على يد جنود نظاميّين وصحفي أجرى معها مقابلة، في محاكمة معيبة ومسيسة للغاية.
وقالت لايزل غيرنهولتز: الصومال بحاجة إلى بذل جهود متضافرة من أجل تحسين قدرة هيئة إنفاذ القانون على التحقيق بفعالية وملاحقة المعتدين وإلاّ فسوف يستمرّ تجاهل هذه القضايا ويتمّ التعامل معها بشكل سيئ. وتابعت: تُبيّن هذه القضية أن الأكثر أهمّية من أيّ وقت مضى بالنسبة للحكومة، بدعم من الدول المانحة، هو وضع استراتيجيّة وطنيّة شاملة لمنع العنف الجنسي ومساعدة الناجيات.
جهود حكوميّة
ومن جانبها، أبدت الحكومة الصوماليّة استعدادها لمعاقبة مرتكبي أعمال العنف الجنسيّة المتفشية في أنحاء البلاد، كما تقول الأمم المتحدة، وذلك على خلفيّة قضيّة تلك الشابّة الصوماليّة. وقالت وزيرة التنمية البشريّة مريم قاسم: عازمون على المضي حتى النهاية في هذه القضيّة وكل الاتهامات الأخرى بحصول أعمال عنف جنسيّة ونُريد إحالة مرتكبي هذه الجرائم إلى القضاء لإقامة مجتمع تُصان فيه حقوق كل المواطنين.
وتقول الأمم المتحدة ووكالات الإغاثة الأخرى إن مئات الملايين من الدولارات قُدّمت مساعدات ولم تكن فعّالة تمامًا. والكثير منها يضيع في النظام السياسي الفاسد وغير المنظّم، كما أنه من المستحيل ضمان وصول الغذاء إلى الأسر التي تترأسها الإناث إذا كانت المرأة تخشى مغادرة الكوخ. إن التأكّد من أنّ المرأة تشعر بالأمان، خاصّة في مخيّمات اللاجئين وبالقرب منها، من شأنه أن يفعل العجائب في تحسين كفاءة تقديم المعونة.
إن البلاد في حالة من الفوضى، ومساعدة الصومال لن تكون بسيطة. ويشعر العديد من المحللين بالقلق من أمور أخرى تعيشها البلاد من بينها أيضًا أن موسم الأمطار سيأتي بالأمراض مثل الملاريا والكوليرا والحصبة التي يُمكن لها أن تُدمّر السكان الضعفاء أصلاً.
ولكن لا يُمكن لنا الانتظار أمام هذا الكمّ من المعاناة التي يعيشها الصومال، ولا نبدأ بالعلاج إلى أن تتمّ ملاحظة قصّة المرأة الصوماليّة. وحتى الآن، هناك حرب غير معترف بها يجري شنّها وقد أصبح وباء الاغتصاب رمزًا للفوضى في الصومال. إن الأمّة الممزّقة في حاجة ماسّة لسلطة حكم منظمة. إن معالجة محنة النساء لن تكون خطوة نحو تحقيق العدالة وحسب، بل خطوة نحو إعادة بناء مجتمع متماسك وفعّال.
ترجمة وإعداد/ كريم المالكي
المصدر- جريدة الراية القطرية
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